best to dissemble. For German professors may boast, as they will, that they fear nothing. Women intimidate them. They dread the bee, and the bee's sting. A certain professor of theology at Berlin, Baron Goden, speaks for the whole company of the resigned when he says: "There are experiments which we must submit to see tried. If this one should fail" He who "made them male and female" will smile, and the men who understand women best, will smile also. Haughty refusals and the severity of the mandarin have had their day and have gone by. We entrench ourselves in irony.

In the train of the question discussed by the hundred-and-twenty professors comes another, on which a certain number of opinions have already been given. It is not enough to satisfy the small number of women who aspire to the doctorate. Ought not something to be done for those who, without any one definite ambition desire to increase their store of knowledge, and accuse men of grudging them the bread of the spirit? They are sharp-set; they are pleading hunger; and they are offered only a half-ration.

On the 26th of September, 1896, Mlle. Nathalie de Milde spoke as follows before the Woman's Congress at Berlin: "What rank and what task do the men assign us? They would have it our sole occupation to admire them; love them; set our hopes upon them. Since we are not sufficient unto ourselves, they would have the days of our youth consumed in waiting for the apparition of the matchless being who will transform our languishing life into a true life. Owning no law but their own tyrannous egotism, they would have us remain always ignoramuses with empty heads, and hearts filled with the seductive image of themselves." Mlle. Milde went on to complain of the literature of the day, and the ideal of woman presented by the poets and novelists. She quoted with high scorn this verse, which Geibel puts into the mouth of a young girl. "The garden is white with hoar-frost. Let me sleep! Let me dream; My life is in suspense

And

until spring comes, and love." does not Paul Heyse make another virgin say, "I would sleep long among the roses, till the man comes who can win my heart"? "Wretches!" cries Mlle. Milde. "We want work, and they condemn us to dreams. They would reduce us to the rôle of the beloved; while love means naught for them but the abject submission of one who has no mind to give. We will prove that we are no mere dolls; that we are of the race of Psyche; that we are resolved to see, and to know; and to learn, lamp in hand, whether the love on which they plume themselves is true love! We will prove that their dolls are worthy to work by their sides, at the great business of civilization!"

It would be curious to ascertain M. Wüstenfeld's real ideas about the education and destiny of young girls. That stern old man has the air of forbidding them to dream. What would he have them do? Would he consider it enough to teach them cooking and housekeeping? Is it his opinion

Que régler la dépense avec économie, Doit ètre leur étude, et leur philosophie? Would he approve the Hungarian proverb which affirms that the woman who knows how to keep out of the gutter on rainy days, knows enough? He has not spoken clearly upon this point, and I feel disturbed by his silence. I suspect him of a sovereign contempt for female-colleges. His brother-professors who have declared their views in this matter are, for the most part, no Chrysales. "The barbarian," says M. Möllendorf, "looks upon women as beasts of burden; the pasha merely requires them to be beautiful. Let us not forget that they have souls craving to be fed, nor stint them of their fare." One of the Berlin professors expresses himself in still more generous He says the men would do well, in their own interests merely, to educate women carefully and regardless of expense. He maintains that they will get their money back; that an educated woman costs less to support than a

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fool; that she cares less for jewels, laces, gauds and frills; that the Henriettes are exacting; preoccupied with their clothes; determined to shine; while the man who marries Armande will have a good thing; because a dash of idealism is the surest means of lightening the household expenses.

I am not quite so sure of it. I can well believe that Sophia Koralevski spent very little for the gowns and hats which she never bought herself. But it is to be remarked that she was descended from a Bohemian dame who occupied herself with something worse even than her toilet. My own idea is that a woman may love mathematics and yet not despise jewelry; their minds are so supple and versatile! They understand so well the art of reconciling contradictions! If I were so happy as to be a German professor, and if M. Kirchoff had sent me a list of his little questions, I would have answered, by return of courier, that, reserving the question of expense, I consider that we are the more bound to exert ourselves about the education of women, because we exert ourselves less and less about our own; and the things of the mind having become quite indifferent to us, there will be nobody to take them seriously in the twentieth century, unless the women do so.

In an age of utilitarian and materialistic civilization, when everything is sacrificed to comfort and well being, when science is prized for its industrial applications only, and democratic ideas are married to the fetichism of machinery and the increasing idolatry of wealth, would it not be a good thing, if there were to grow up a highly select society of women, of open, healthful, wide-awake minds, who should cultivate all sorts of disinterested curiosities, love truth in all its forms, and worship, precisely those arts and sciences which can be turned to no practical account? They will either prevent man from becoming thoroughly imbruted, or they will make him ashamed of his coarseness. A remnant of delicacy will lead them to cherish the refined tastes and the kindly

hypocrisies which are no longer his. American men frankly concede that American women are their superiors in all that does not concern banking, commerce, and huge and hazardous speculations. They immerse themselves in business with fervor, with rage; for this they were born; but they rejoice to feel that their women are unlike themselves, and spend their leisure in sharpening their wits, refining their taste and their reason, and in fitting themselves to appreciate those joys which have never brought in dollars. Whether or no idealism lightens the expenses of the household, it is doubtedly necessary to the happiness and stability of society. Its last refuge will be in the heart of woman; but the heart is never healthy when the mind is not employed.

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Let women be educated! No man. except a philologue, here and there, will object. The pity of it is, that they are prone to superstition; and it is a dangerous superstition to suppose that their salvation depends on their admission to the universities; and that their only means of acquiring a given science is to place themselves under the tutelage of ordinary, or extraordinary, professors. Just at present this is their hobby; I might say their mania. One of M. Kirchoff's correspondents, Edouard de Hartman, reproaches the German ladies with cherishing fatal illusions upon this point, and he gives them, in his curt way, a warning on which they would do well to meditate. "Lecture-rooms," he says, in substance, "appear of late to have exercised over you some mysterious and magical attraction. They seem to you a sort of intellectual paradise. It is a ridiculous mistake. They are a great deal more like barracks where the manual of arms is taught mechanically. I will tell you a great secret. The way to acquire knowledge is to read. Let those of you who do not care for degrees, and who really aspire to mental culture, stay at home and read. Get it clearly fixed in your minds, that those o your brothers and your future husbands who do not read after they leave

a statement as that the Greek fleet is more powerful, if smaller, than that of the Turks. Shrieks and half-a-dozen talking together emphasize such a question of fact as that there is a vessel going that night from the Piræus to Volo. Not one in a thousand can form the slightest idea of what the elder Pliny meant when he said "Ipsa silentia adoremus;" that is left for the Western suddenly plunged into their midst.

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My previous visits to Greece had been for such short periods that they may be left out of account as mere calls, and SO the national characteristic, national vice-for of vice in the ordinary meaning of the word to an Englishman Greece is conspicuously free-came on me as a revelation. To my mind it accounts for a great deal that has happened. People who jabber so much have no time for thinking. They live on illusions the product of their verbosity.

Tout la Gréce a un peu de Tarascon. That they have no legitimate grievances against Turkey and the powers I am the last to assert. It was a noble impulse which induced them to hold out a hand to their suffering brethren in Crete lately, and as occasion arose ever since the powers and especially the British government, which failed to fulfil the intentions of George Canning, deprived the young kingdom of the possession of the island which is more Greek than Attica, and which then and since has had undying aspirations for unity with the realm constituted by the Protocol of London. But it had the incurable defect that it was not in accordance with common sense. That quality is very rare in Greece. Had she known how to exercise some self-restraint, to abate talk and calculate her chances, there is little doubt Crete would now belong to the Greek kingdom. That was not to be. Greece not only threw an armed force into Crete, but her secret societies, in their own way and unrestrained by the government of Athens, declared war on Turkey on the frontier of Macedonia. These secret societies in Greece control

often directed from foreign shores. One of their most active chiefs is a banker at Alexandria. They are mainly financed from without. They consist very largely of professional men who, moved by intense if ill-judged patriotism, cannot wait, but, forsaking the competition of civil life, rush to the frontier and carry on the undying war against the hereditary foe, lurking in villages, sleeping in the mountains in goat's hair "kappas," living on black bread, and more or less in combination forcing the hand of the Turk, and inducing him to exhaust himself and his resources in parrying the thrusts of the "irregulars" armed with Greek government rifles and cartridges and implacable hate. This time they outran the constable. The Turk gathered what is left of his strength and struck back.

The Greek government was meanwhile preparing to back up its Irregulars. It summoned its clans, its frontier guards its artillery, its cavalry (as it is called), and its few regiments of regular infantry-perhaps fifteen thousand men all told-on the frontier of Epirus and Thessaly; it called out its first reserves-reserves, be it understood, which had never had a day's proper training, though in a more or less remote past they had had some drill. And they threw the whole into an attitude of defiance, and spoke confidently of their “army.” They had no train, no discipline, no practice in marching or in delivering the attack. They were simply a conglomerate armed mob, officered by men, mainly, appointed to commissions because, to use an American expression, they had a political pull. In their ranks were to be found a few men who had made some sort of a study of war-a few engineers and artillerymen, a few officers who had not got the "pull," and who, therefore, remained lieutenants though grizzled in their locks, and though they had travelled to study their calling. But, like the loaves and fishes on a memorable occasion what were they among so many? For, no doubt, political or dynastic reasons the crown prince was made generalissimo of the army. He is

alike the court and the camp. They are a young man of about nine-and-twenty, with a serious character and with some ability, but absolutely without experience in warfare, or even in the handling of troops for instructional purposes in time of peace. He is regarded with a certain respect, but he is not popular. To him was given a staff which was probably as good as could be found; but in the realm of the blind the one-eyed man is king. He and they went to the Thessalian frontier. They took up their quarters at Larissa, some twelve miles from Tyrnavos, which was the nearest town to the frontier. And there they did their best to bring the army to some sort of condition in which it could meet the enemy presently. They were not successful. Why? Because they had no real instructors. The sergeants knew far more than the officers.

There are no civil grades in Greece. Every man is as good as another, and better too, as an Irishman would say, and Greece is a country in which every man hails another not by his family name or title but by his "front name." The ranks contained many men as well educated, as well off, as the officers. They called their officers Aleko, or Georgi, or Janni. They met their officers on equal terms off parade. Sometimes the officers ventured on physical violence, but this was always to peasants; to townsmen they were more tolerant. And in all ranks alike there was an amount of ignorance of the realities and first principles of military life which could not be equalled in France, Germany, Russia, or England in the case of recruits of a month's standing. In time, I have no doubt, the force might have been licked into some sort of shape, and the officers, who were largely unable to even drill their men, indoctrinated into some notion of the duties falling on them in the field. They had no care for their men as a western officer cares for his. The water-supply was abundant, generally, and always, so far as I saw, of unrivalled purity; but there was no control of it, and it was used at its source

for any and every purpose, meat, and even entrails of meat, being washed in what men had to fill their bottles from. Latrines there were none. An attempt was made in one camp to form them, but it was given up, and the state of the vicinity of the bivouacks may be imagined, it certainly cannot be here described.

The rations were ample until the Greek Holy Week, when they shrunk to black bread, lamb coming on in quantities incalculable after Easter, but no organization for cooking existed, the usual way to dispose of a lamb being for a certain number of men to take one, spit it on a branch, and half roast or over-roast it on wood ashes as they would or could, while a kind of tripe was sometimes made of the entrails if they were not thrown aside to poison the air. The bread, black and sour, was occasionally varied by biscuits when ovens were not near, and the biscuit was undoubtedly a great deal more wholesome than the bread. Cartridges were issued on demand to recruits as to others, and they were used to express the most simple emotions. In steamers going up they were employed, without check by the officers, to welcome the appearance of another steamer. In a train they were fired off in pure light-heartedness by the hundred and the thousand. At Easter it was dangerous to go out in Volo, for the bullets that were flying about to celebrate the Resurrection. For a long time saluting officers was a thing that entered into the heads of few. All at once there was a change for the better, but it was only a perfunctory business at the best. And the one thing that I saw highly commendable was the unwearied industry of headquarters. As has been said, it might have done much in time. But the Turks did not give it time. Before it was ready they struck in. They had found that patience and endurance did not save them from the "irregulars" and secret society men. So, without declaring war, they began making regular war.

It was surprising to see how little the Greeks relished sauce for the gander