PHILOSOPHICAL NAKEDNESS.-In Hogg's Life of Shelley (ii. 292) it is said that "much has been said and written, by wise men and by foolish ones, on the subject of going naked." Is reference made here to any special controversy? What has been written at all on this subject?

By the way, has any one else been known to follow the "philosophical nakedness" of Shelley's friends, of whom Hogg gives so amusing a story? ANARAB.

ST. AUGUSTINE.-By several writers, as Bishop Saunderson, Bishop Lake, and Archbishop Trench, this father is stated to have spoken of the noble deeds of the heathen as splendida peccata. Is this expression to be found in St. Augustine, or how did it arise? The common-places from St. Augustine which illustrate the matter in other terms are known. It is the source of these words which it is desired to ascertain. No assistance is to be gained from the authors above mentioned,

in whose works the words occur.

Sandford.

E. MARSHALL.

SCENA: SCENE. - To vary your matter and meet various tastes, may I ask by what analogy it is that if the Latin scena comes from the Greek Oknh, the final n becomes a, while the first one remains e? But if, as I suspect, the termination a points to an earlier stage of derivation than the Greek, how is it that the Latin a becomes n in the Greek, and that the Latin e remains in the first syllable? I fancy some clue to this seeming discrepancy may be found in the common origin of both words.

MYOPS.

SIR WILLIAM STANHOPE, 1640-1680.-Some twenty years ago I purchased at Oxford, mainly for the sake of its handsome carved frame, a fine old portrait which was said to have been turned out of Blenheim. On sending it to be cleaned and lined, the names of Sir William Stanhope and Sir Peter Lely, inscribed on the back of the canvas, emerged from beneath the old stretcher. Can any one acquainted with the Stanhope pedigree enable me to identify the original of my portrait? Sir Peter Lely died in 1680, ætat. sixty-three. The companion portrait, in a frame to match, was that of Anne, daughter of John (Wilmot) Earl of Rochester, married to Sir Francis Greville. This Earl of Rochester succeeded to the title in 1659, and died in 1680the same year as Sir Peter Lely, whose name was also inscribed on her portrait.

T. HERBERT NOYES, JUN. STEDMAN FAMILY.-John Stedman, the first of this family who owned Strata Florida Abbey in Cardiganshire, is said to have come from Chepsey, near Chartley, in Staffordshire, then the property of Devereux, Earl of Essex.

In the Gentleman's Magazine of November, 1840 (p. 492), mention is made of John Stedman as follows:

"Statement of Accounts on the death of Walter Earl of Essex. (From the original, penes E. P. S.) "Walter Devereux, Earl of Essex, died at Dublin

Sept. 22, 1576: his body was brought for interment to Carmarthen, and some of the items of the ensuing account relate to the expenses then incurred:

"Due to John_Stedman, his L'p [Lordship's] officer as money lent to the Earl at his goinge into Ireland by bill to be repaid at Mic'elms last, clb.

Stedman's acct upon his payment by warrant, xij1b ixꞌ vid.”” "Accompte of John Stedman, surplusage of John

Can any reader of "N. & Q." kindly inform me where the original document containing these accounts is deposited, and who was the writer under the initials "E. P. S."?

One branch of the Stedman family possessed lands at Aston, in the county of Shropshire, in 1230, which still remain the property of their

descendants in the maternal line.

St. Leonard's, Bridgenorth.

HUBERT SMITH,

WATCHES OF DISTINGUISHED MEN.-In 1835 there was in possession of Alderman Charles Carolin, of the city of Dublin, a very curious old silver watch and brass chain. On the dial of the watch was engraved "Lieut.-Gen. Cromwell to Lieut.-Gen. Fairfax." The key was of curious workmanship, and on it the cipher in relief of "O. C." Can any of your Dublin correspondents give any information as to what became of this watch after Alderman Carolin's death (circa H. H. 1845) ?

"THE WORLD TURNED UPSIDE DOWN," OR THE HARES TAKING VENGEANCE ON MANKIND.—In the last number of The Herald and Genealogist a remarkable caricature-to apply that term to oilpaintings-is noticed, of which the subject is above stated. Hares are represented hunting, coursing, and slaughtering the human race; and afterwards hanging, drawing, quartering, roasting, and jugging, and feasting upon their disjointed members. It is stated that such a picture is preserved at New House near Downton, Wilts, one of the old mansions of the Eyres; and that another was formerly at the Duke of Buckingham's at Avington, near Winchester, and sold there by auction. I should be glad to know what became of this picture.

There was also, it is said, a similar picture at Hampton Court in Herefordshire, the seat of the Coningsbyes; but the triumphant animals were there conies, or rabbits, which that family bore in their arms. Does this picture remain at Hampton Court during the Arkwright dominion?

J. G. N. "CAPRICIOUS WRAY."-Will some correspondent be kind enough to reply to the following query

PARODIES.

(4th S. vi. 476; vii. 15, 105, 177.) In 1810 was published, without author's name"Hamlet Travestie: in Three Acts. With Annotations by Dr. Johnson and Geo. Steevens, Esq., and other Commentators." London, 12mo.

The writer was John Poole of Paul Pry celebrity. It was very popular, and ran through six editions in about as many years. A private and beautiful reprint was produced in New York so late as 1866. Other parodies of Hamlet have appeared, viz.: Hamlet; a New Burlesque, London, 1838, 12mo; and Hamlet Travestie, in Two Acts, 1849, 12mo. MR. HALL will find, from Allibone's Dict. Authors (vol. ii.), that most of Shakespeare's plays have been burlesqued.

There is an article on "Parody" in the Westminster Review for July, 1854.

C. W. S.

"Giles Jollup the Grave, and Brown Sally Green," is a parody on the universally known "Alonzo the Brave, and the Fair Imogene."* The author of both original and parody, M. G. Lewis, in the introduction to "Giles Jollup," &c. (Tales of Wonder, written and collected, by M. G. Lewis, second edition, 1801, p. 27) thus remarks:

". . . . . I must acknowledge, however, that the lines printed in italics, and the idea of making an apothecary of the knight, and a brewer of the baron, are taken from a parody which appeared in one of the newspapers under the title of Pil-Garlic the Brave, and Brown Celestine." " Who is the author of the last-named parody, and in what "newspaper" did it appear?

At p. 195 of the same volume there is a ballad entitled "The Cinder King," with a few introductory observations by M. G. Lewis:

"The following was sent to me anonymously. The reader will of course observe that it is a burlesque imitation of the ballads of The Erl King' and 'The Cloud King.'

The latter ballads, as many of your readers are aware, may be found in the above-mentioned work.

"Hamlet's Soliloquy Imitated," by Jago, is rather an ingenious satire affecting those persons whose fingers are continually itching to scribble; and with whom, to only have their works on the same shelf with Quarles, &c., is "a consummation devoutly to be wished." See Elegant Extracts, second edition, London, 1790, book iv. appendix p. 251.

Waltham Abbey.

J. PERRY.

Dr. Maginn concluded "Christabel" in Blackwood. Can it be had in a separate form? I think the parody quoted by A. J. DUNKIN was called Christabess, and was an 8vo, with "lots of fat," i. e. wide margins to the pages. It was very "This was first published in the third volume of Ambrosio, or the Monk.”

|

STEPHEN JACKSON.

The quotation from Artemidorus given by MR. MAC CABE, as cited by Dr. Pfaffe, is quite correct. In the original* the passage is:

τρίχας ἔχειν μεγάλας καὶ καλὰς καὶ ἐπ ̓ αὐταῖς ἀγάλ λεσθαι ἀγαθὸν μάλιστα γυναικί· ὑπὲρ γὰρ εὐμορφίας ἐστίν, ὅτε καὶ ἀλλοτρίαις θριξὶν αἱ γυναῖκες χρῶνται,

κ.τ.λ.

From the very sparing mention of the addition by Greek and Roman ladies to their head-dress of borrowed locks, it would seem that the practice was but little known until the days of general corruption and extravagance under the Cæsars. That a great variety of hair-dressing fashions existed before this time there is abundant evidence, but these seem to have been all based on the principle of making the very best of the covering which nature had given to the ladies' heads, whether by dyeing, curling, plaiting, or rolling, or by the addition of various ornaments, nets, bands, fillets, and tiaras. Ladies' hair was artificially crêpé ("frisés de mille nœuds, crêpés et tortillés" †) in the time of the empire, and even earlier, and by that * Artemidorus, Oneirocritica, i. 19, ed. 1603. 4to, p. 21.

† Ronsard, Le second Livre des Amours, 2.

Lutet.,

means, and by the use of the substructures so well understood and so extensively used at the present day, there is no doubt that a large apparent volume of hair was produced without any actual addition of the raw material. No references to passages in which the latter practice is mentioned are given in Smith's Dictionary (art. "Comæ "), and the only allusions which I can find are in Manilius:

"Illis cura sui vultus frontisque decora

Semper erit, tortosque in flexum ponere crines, Aut nodis revocare, et rursus vertice denso Figere et appositis caput emutare capillis:" and in Clement of Alexandria.† In this passage, after ridiculing the devices of forming artificial chains and plaits of hair, which were of so curious and complicated a nature that a lady dared not to touch her back hair lest the hair-pins should fall out and the whole affair come to grief, nor go to sleep lest she should spoil the general effect of her coiffure, he declares that the addition of the hair of others is entirely to be condemned, and that it is the height of impiety to attach false locks to the head, thus clothing the skull with dead tresses.

"For upon whom does the priest then lay hands? whom does he bless? Not the woman who is so adorned, forsooth, but the hair of some one else, and, through this hair, some unknown person. If the man be the head of

the woman, and Christ the head of the man, is it not most impious that the women should fall into this double sin? In that they deceive the men by the excessive mass of hair, and, as far as in them lies, cast shame on their Lord, whilst they adopt false and meretricious adornments, and make that head accursed which is originally beautiful."

The passage in Juvenal mentioned by MR. MAC CABE refers apparently to that method of dressing the hair in which a mass of little curls rose to a great height from the forehead, but were not carried back farther than to the centre of the head, where they were suddenly terminated by a fillet or mitra, the hair at the back of the head being drawn back tightly and confined in a knot. The effect of this arrangement would be exactly that described by Juvenal: the body, as seen from behind, would seem to be of her real height, as the anterior structure would hardly be visible, whilst from the front she would have a most imposing and stately appearance. The celebrated gem of Evodus, representing Julia, the daughter of Titus, exactly illustrates this method of dressing the hair. JOHN ELIOT HODGKIN.

West Derby.

* Astronomicar. lib. v. Pædagogus, lib. iii. ed. 1616, fo., Lugd. Bat., p. 182. Described and engraved in King's Handbook of Engraved Gems.

THE BOOKWORM.

(4th S. vi. 527; vii. 65, 168.)

The ravages of the bookworm have attracted the attention of bibliographers in all ages. Stray notices of the insect may be found in many works, but as yet I have not come across anything satisfactory; and as the subject merits the attention of all who either possess or have charge of large collections of books, I propose to lay before the readers of "N. & Q." my own gleanings respecting these little pests.

The mistake that most observers have fallen into is in supposing that there is only one insect, the bookworm proper, which attacks books. Thus Dibdin, in the Bibliographical Decameron, gives a long and amusing-enough description, but which only suffices to prove that neither he nor his informants at the great public libraries to which he applied were aware that there was more than one insect.

Again, some of your correspondents in their recent replies evidently refer to the ravages of different pests; for one of them talks of the little worm going only so far into a volume and then stopping and excavating a circular cavity. Now the worm proper never does this; he goes on steadily in a straight line, his thirst for literature unabated till he has gone through an entire shelf, if undisturbed. We read (Hannett, Bibliopegia, quoting Peignot) of twenty-seven folio volumes perforated in a straight line, in such a manner that on passing a cord through the perfectly round hole made by the insect, the whole twenty-seven could be raised at once. This must have been done by the worm proper. I have often observed similar perforations running through several consecutive folios of divinity in my father's library. Hannett states distinctly enough that there are several insects. He mentions the Aglossa pinguinalis, which deposits its larvæ in books in the autumn, which produce a kind of mites; but says that the most destructive are the little wood-boring beetles, Anobium pertinax and A. striatum. Mrs. Gatty, in a note to one of her most charming "Parables," says:

"A bookworm-the larva of Hypothenemus eruditus. Not but that there are several other larvæ of the race which bore minute holes through wood, leather, and paper."

Here we have at least four insects named, so we must trust to some of your readers who are skilled in entomology to give us more detailed accounts of them, and of the readiest way of distinguishing their traces. No doubt one or two of these are much more frequently met with than the others.

The following most interesting account of the particular insect pests which have inflicted serious damages on the rare and curious books in Hereford Cathedral has been kindly communicated to me

by the Rev. F. T. Havergal, the librarian, who has also favoured me with some specimens of ancient wood and paper perforated in the most extraordinary way. I am sure my brother readers of "N. & Q." will be as much interested in its perusal as I have been, so with Mr. Havergal's kind permission I lay it before them:

"On taking charge of our Cathedral library in 1853 I found that some fifty or sixty volumes were being destroyed by some very energetic little insects. In order to save the books so attacked, I determined, after turning over every leaf to make sure there were none of the insects left in them, and after brushing away all the accumulation of dust formed within them, to isolate the books completely. After immense trouble, by giving the infected books a good shaking every time I went to them, I hope I have at last eradicated the little pests from our library. Some volumes, indeed, which I had rebound, were afterwards attacked by the worms, so I am convinced that nothing but the vigilance of the librarian will keep them down.

"After observations extending over eighteen years I came to the following conclusions:

"1. That our books were being destroyed by at least two kinds of insects: one similar to, if not identical with, the death-watch.' These insects have a hard outer skin, and are of a dark-brown colour. They perforate wood, no matter how old or hard. I have never found these insects-worms they are not-alive and at work, but I have found the remains of hundreds of dead ones. Probably the wooden covers of the old books harboured them in the first instance, whence they proceeded into the interiors of the books. Sometimes they seem to have gone right through the book, but generally they inflict the greatest damage on the thirty or forty leaves next

the wooden covers.

The second kind of insects seem to me to be genuine bookworms. I have found at least a dozen of them alive and as active as possible. They are exactly like the little worms or grubs found occasionally in hazel-nuts. These worms have white bodies with brown spots on the heads. They generally go right through a volume, never stopping to make a cavity in one place.

"2. That it is easy to tell whether the worm has been recently or is then in the volume. Some books had been pierced ages ago: from these the dust was altogether gone. Other books, which had been pierced perhaps within forty or fifty years, had the worm holes with dust of a light-brown colour; but books recently perforated retained the dust pure white. Thus in a moment I could tell if a worm was actually in a volume, or if it had been recently at work.

"3. That the eradication of these little pests from a library is an exceedingly difficult matter. You may rest quite assured that the bookworm, next to fire and damp, is the greatest pest that can enter a library.

"4. That the insects do not relish any modern paper in the same way as they do the far better paper which was made from 1470 to 1530. Neither do they penetrate modern mill-boards, but they take special delight in the old wooden book covers, principally in those which have been made of soft or sappy wood. The worthy men of old did the right thing when they bound their grand MSS. in heart-of-oak covers with vellum over all. But in the fifteenth century bookbinders and their employers became less careful in their choice of materials for covers, and used softer wood, which became a sure haunt for destructive insects. In very rare instances have the insects attempted to penetrate our MS. volumes of parchment or vellum, no real injury having been done to a

single volume out of 240. They have in some volumes tasted a few of the vellum leaves, but they never seem to have relished the material in the same way they did the ancient paper."

In a subsequent communication Mr. Havergal informs me that he thinks he has found both descriptions of insects alive and at work.

As regards the ravages of the bookworm using the word as descriptive of the class of insects which drill holes in our most precious volumesthe above lucid account leaves nothing to be desired. But I hope it may be the means of elucidating some entomological notes from those of your readers who are followers of Kirby and Spence. F. M. S.

I had often wished to see a bookworm, when, about twelve years ago, while examining in the Bodleian some old black-letter fragments at that time kept loose in a drawer, I disturbed a plump little fellow whose ravages were but too apparent. He was about the size of a full-grown grub, such as we find in nuts, white all over, with very glossy head, hard to the touch, and slow in motion. I made a small paper cage for him, intending to watch carefully his habits and development. Seeing the chief librarian approach, I turned out my little captive upon the table. "Have you met with many of these fellows, Dr. Bandinel? I inquired. "Oh, yes," he replied; "they have black heads sometimes,"-and before I could say a word my biographical intentions were frustrated, for down came the doctor's thumb-nail, and all that was left of my little protegé was an elongated WILLIAM BLADES.

smear.

11, Abchurch Lane.

BAPTISM FOR THE DEAD.
(4th S. vii. 107.)

A few weeks ago I heard an excellent clergyman notice this subject, in one of a series of lectures on the chapter 1 Corinthians xv. As he brought together various explanations of this "most difficult passage," some of the readers of "N. & Q." may be interested to read his remarks as they were written down afterwards from memory:

66

The words of this verse are certainly difficult. If I were to try and give you all the explanations of various writers on it, it would occupy all day. I will only name a few. According to some, (1) by the dead' is intended Messiah, the dead one'; an instance of the plural being used for the singular. (2) Others say baptizing is to be taken as an allusion to the custom of washing and purifying the dead, that they might be prepared for the Resurrection. (3) Others, that it signifies to be baptized as dead into Christ by baptism, and regarded as dead by immersion. (4) Others refer it to the custom of a vicarious baptizing of some one, for such as might have died without hope. This view was held by Ambrose. . . . . and is referred to by Grotius

....