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Then the Sioux rode up the ridge on all sides, riding very fast. The Cheyennes went up the left way. Then the shooting was quick, quick. Pop-pop-pop very fast. Some of the soldiers were down on their knees, some standing. Officers all in front. The smoke was like a great cloud, and everywhere the Sioux went the dust rose like smoke. We circled all round him-swirling like water round a stone. We shoot, we ride fast, we shoot again. Soldiers drop, and horses fall on them. Soldiers in line drop, but one man rides up and down the line all the time shouting. He rode a sorrel horse with white face and white fore-legs. I don't know who he was. He was a brave man. "Indians keep swirling round and round, and the soldiers killed only a few. Many soldiers fell. At last all horses killed but five. Once in a while some man would break out and run toward the river, but he would fall. At last about a hundred men and five horsemen stood on the hill all bunched to gether. All along the bugler kept blowing his commands. He was very brave too. Then a chief was killed. I hear it was Long Hair [Custer], Idon't know; and then the five horsemen and the bunch of men, may be so forty, started toward the river. The man on the sorrel horse led them, shouting all the time.* He wore a buckskin shirt, and had long black hair and mustache. He fought hard with a big knife. His men were all covered with white dust. I couldn't tell whether they were officers or not. One man all alone ran far down toward the river, then round up over the hill. I thought he was going to escape, but a Sioux fired and hit him in the head. He was the last man. He wore braid on his arms [sergeant].

All the soldiers were now killed, and the bodies were stripped. After that no one could tell which were officers. The bodies were left where they fell. We had no dance that night. We were sorrowful.

"Next day four Sioux chiefs and two Cheyennes and I, Two Moon, went upon the battlefield to count the dead. One man carried a little bundle of sticks. When we came to dead men, we took a little stick and gave it to another man, so we counted the dead. There were 388. There were thirtynine Sioux and seven Cheyennes killed, and about a hundred wounded.

* This man's identity is in dispute. He was apparently a

scout.

"Some white soldiers were cut with knives, to make sure they were dead; and the war women had mangled some. Most of them were left just where they fell. We came to the man with big mustache; he lay down the hills towards the river.* The Indians did not take his buckskin shirt. The Sioux said, 'That is a big chief. That is Long Hair.' I don't know. I had never seen him. The man on the white-faced horse was the bravest man.

"That day as the sun was getting low our young men came up the Little Horn riding hard. Many white soldiers were coming in a big boat, and when we looked we could see the smoke rising. I called my people together, and we hurried up the Little Horn, into Rotten Grass Valley. three days, and then rode our old trail to the east. back into the Rosebud and down the Yellowstone, and away to the north. I did not see him again."†

We camped there swiftly back over Sitting Bull went

The old man paused and filled his pipe. His story was done. His mind came back to his poor people on the barren land where the rain seldom falls.

"That was a long time ago. I am now old, and my mind has changed. I would rather see my people living in houses and singing and dancing. You have talked with me about fighting, and I have told you of the time long ago. All that is past. I think of these things now: First, that our reservation shall be fenced and the white settlers kept out and our young men kept in. Then there will be no trouble. Second, I want to see my people raising cattle and making butter. Last, I want to see my people going to school to learn the white man's way. That is all."

There was something placid and powerful in the lines of the chief's broad brow, and his gestures were dramatic and noble in sweep. His extended arm, his musing eyes, his deep voice combined to express a meditative solemnity profoundly impressive. There was no anger in his voice, and no reminiscent ferocity. All that was strong and fine and distinctive in the Cheyenne character came out in the old man's talk. He seemed the leader and the thoughtful man he really is -patient under injustice, courteous even to his enemies.

* Custer fell up higher on the ridge.
+ This was a wonderful retreat.

From a photograph taken May 27, 1883, and published in the report of the Krakatoa committee of the Royal Society, 1888, entitled "The Eruption of Krakatoa and Subsequent Phenomena."

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MARVELOUS FACTS IN THE ACTION OF VOLCANOES.-SOME OBSERVATIONS BY PROF. JOHN MILNE.

BY CLEVELAND MOFFETT.

IN N 1878, when Professor John Milne, then occupying the chair of geology and mining at the University of Tokio, was journeying over Japan describing its active volcanoes, he came to innocent old Bandaisan, about a hundred miles north of the capital, and for some time was in doubt whether to include her in his list or not. As far as he could learn, there was not a better behaved mountain than she in the whole empire; she never smoked, she never shook, and there were no traditions of her having been in eruption even at the most distant period.

She simply rose out of her lonely valley, and went on, century after century, holding up the sky and troubling no one. She rose to the height of about a mile, and was calm. and grand.

But peasants in the valley told of hot springs coming out from the base that brought poor people thither in numbers for their healing virtues, and when the Professor saw these springs he knew that he must look further, for where there is hot water there may be steam, and when steam gets into the bowels of a mountain many things may hap

pen not provided for by the word "extinct." mixture of mud and stone, had poured down So he pressed up the mountain's sides, beau- the valley at the rate of forty-eight miles an tiful with verdure, and underneath the hour, and in twenty minutes had spread mosses and trailing vines he came upon itself to a depth of one hundred feet over a scoriaceous lava, which is another sign. region from twelve to fifteen miles long and Then he went right to the top, up the steep- from five to seven miles wide. When a river est slope, and found as fair a spread of vege- of mud travels down a valley at this rate, tation as the eye could rest upon; and pres- nearly a mile in a minute, a river as deep as ently two deer came bounding from the a church, it is needless to say that Death undergrowth as if to show him that there rides on the wave for a quick garnering. was no danger. Nevertheless, he found a That valley would have taken in the greater crater underneath, a genuine volcanic crater, part of New York City, which is long and and without more searching he classed Ban- narrow, and had New York City been there daisan among the active volcanoes of Japan. at this time, some two million mortals would Then see what Bandaisan did. On July have sent their last breaths bubbling up 15, 1888, ten years later, with no warning through mud. As it was, only 401 persons and for no reason that anyone can find out lost their lives, because only 401 persons who does not know the secrets under the were there to lose them. earth, she blew her beautiful green head off, and sent sixteen hundred million cubic yards of rock and earth that is Professor Sekya's estimate to arrange themselves in the valley beneath as best they might. There is little use trying to think of sixteen hundred million cubic yards of rock and earth; it is better to do some figuring, and this shows:

KW.

SEA

LEVE

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OUTLINE OF THE CRATER OF KRAKATOA AS IT IS AT

THE PRESENT TIME.

The dotted line indicates the portions blown away in the paroxysmal outburst of August, 1883, and the changes in form of the flanks of the mountain by the fall of ejected material upon them. Reproduced from "The Eruption of Krakatoa and Subsequent Phenomena."

(1) That if the mass blown away by Bandaisan at this time had been in nicely hewn fragments each the size of an ordinary street car, there would have been a train of these long enough to go five times around the earth. (2) That if these fragments had been blown into great shells as large as the largest ship afloat, with a displacement of, say, 15,000 tons each, they would, if floated end to end, have bridged the Pacific from San Francisco to Yokohama.

Within three days of this startling justification of his conclusions as to Bandaisan, Professor Milne was at the scene of the disaster, and was the first person to make thorough and accurate observations of what had taken place. It is to him that I am indebted for the facts about this eruption, and also for photographs taken on the spot by his friend, Professor W. K. Burton.

A FURIOUS RIVER OF MUD AND STONE.

Now, this is what had happened. A river of "moya" or agglomerate, not lava, but a

The same is true of houses and buildings: whatever was in the valley was destroyed; and for miles beyond, in all directions, villages were wrecked by the air-blast, trees were stripped bare as if by a forest fire, and crops standing in the fields were flattened on the

ground like threads for a loom.

Near Bandaisan is Lake Inawashiro, and from this point Professor Milne and his party, on the morning after their arrival, set out for the ruins. They started at daybreak, and explored until after dark, walking over a waste of steaming, slippery debris. They slid down banks of mud, not knowing what they should find at the bottom nor how they could get out again; they climbed over boulders like small cathedrals; they viewed the rebellious mountain from many points, and saw that its head was indeed missing, only a jagged neck showing here and there when the steam lifted. And they saw with amazement how the face of things was changed: everything bare and brown where carpets of green had been; houses gone, people gone, the valley buried in mud, and here, where dry land was, a new lake forming. This lake was caused by the sudden damming up of a mountain stream, and was destined to go on growing for two whole years, so that to-day it rivals Inawashira, and has actually caused the peasants in its vicinity to abandon farming and devote themselves to fishing.

There was one phenomenon observed by

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BANDAISAN STILL SMOKING AND STEAMING AFTER IT HAS BLOWN ITS HEAD OFF.

The ragged line at the top marks what was the neck of the mountain. This and the pictures following on pages 452, 453, 454, and 455 are from photographs by W. K. Burton.

these first explorers which gave rise to much the increasing resistance of the air puts a controversy. They found the plain, beyond definite limit upon such velocities.

TWO KINDS OF VOLCANIC ERUPTION.

the mud-swept valley, covered with conical holes several feet in diameter, that looked like small volcanoes. And some insisted that there had been minor eruptions here at In our talk about Bandaisan, I naturally the time of the big one, but their reasonings asked Professor Milne what were the causes were presently overthrown by the discovery of such an appalling catastrophe as this, and that at the bottom of each one of these in explaining these causes he pointed out that holes, buried six or eight feet under the there are two kinds of eruptions to be noted ground, were boulders from Bandaisan which in the history of a volcano, those that build had embedded themselves thus in falling. it up very slowly, and those that destroy it When it is considered that these boulders were of considerable mass, some weighing four or five tons, and that they had been hurled eight or ten miles from the summit, the velocity with which they must have struck the earth is seen to have been enormous. Indeed, it is the opinion of Professor Milne that they fell from a height sufficient to give them the maximum velocity that may be attained by bodies falling through our atmosphere, a velocity equal to that of falling meteorites, for it must be understood that

very swiftly, as if nature amused herself by piling up these great masses through the ages simply to see how quickly she could tear them down.

The eruptions that build up mountains, I understood, are periodical wellings over of molten lava, comparatively harmless. The others are violent explosions, occurring irregularly and bringing widespread destruction. It is easy to see how each streamingover of the lava makes the mountain grow, just as an icicle grows or a stalactite; each

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At the bottom of the picture is shown part of the new lake formed by the damming make it flow?" up of a mountain stream.

fresh outgush hardens as it pours, and forms a fresh shell of lava for other shells to form on. And, finally, when a certain height is reached one, two, three miles we may suppose the impelling force beneath no longer equal to the task of lifting this great column, and the crater crusts over at the top, and so generations pass, and men with their short lives and shorter memories say that the volcano is dead.

But the fires are there at the core, so much latent energy ready to be stirred; and if something stirs them, it is like rousing a thunderbolt. The fact that the natural vent above is blocked with the coolings of centuries only makes the discharge the more terrible when it comes, just as hard rammed bullets make the powder more effective.

I asked what was the cause that usually determines one of these explosions and rouses the volcano's latent energy, and I learned that in most cases it is the very same cause that makes a boiler burst-the

"Partly from the steam, partly from water it absorbs from springs and streams in its course. The mud river from Asama, for instance, lapped up two ordinary rivers as it went, so that no sign of them appeared thereafter."

"Is it likely, Professor, that there are volcanoes in the world at present that have been quiet for a long time, but will one day or another blow their heads off?"

"It is almost certain that there are." "Some in Europe?"

"Many in Europe."

"Some in the United States?" "Undoubtedly."

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