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THE CRUISER ROSSIA," THE REPRESENTATIVE OF RUSSIA AT THE JUBILEE NAVAL REVIEW. Displacement, 12,195 tons. Length, 475 feet. Beam, 86 feet. Speed, 22 knots. Armor-Belt, 9.8 inches; deck, 3 inches. Guns-Four 8-inch, sixteen 5.9-inch, six 4.7-inch rapid-fire; twenty-six 1.8-inch and 1.4-inch. Torpedo tubes, 5. From copyrighted photograph by West & Son, Southsea, England.

THE BRITISH ARMY.

The Jubilee ceremonies offered an especially fine opportunity for studying the British army. Fully 50,000 men were gathered in London for the procession, and they were conspicuous at every ceremony of the ten days' celebration which followed. These men all belonged to English, Irish, and Scotch regiments of the regular army; so that their concentration in London was a comparatively simple matter. England keeps at home about 100,000 soldiers at present, of which number some 25,000 form the Irish army. About 5,000 men are usually in Egypt, and other colonies absorb some 33,000 more. This makes up the regular British army, exclusive of the 76,000 troops in the Indian service. The force at home is stationed in military districts in England, Ireland, Scotland, Wales, and the Channel Islands.

Men go into the army by voluntary enlistment, but once there, they must stay for a full term of service, unless they are willing to buy a discharge. This costs ninety dollars, and in case of men who have served over three months it is easy to secure save

in special instances. There are two terms of service one of twelve years with the colors and with no reserve afterwards, and one of seven years with the army and five with the reserve. Recruits are not difficult to secure, from 35,000 to 40,000 being approved yearly for both the regular army and the militia. The regular army was finely represented in the Jubilee by picked men from the Life and Dragoon Guards and from the Royal Artillery and Engineers.

The most imposing military display, however, was the 40,000 soldiers who lined both sides of the route of the processiona distance of seven miles. They were marched into lines by nine o'clock of Jubilee Day, and remained in place until the procession had ended. At certain points where the crowd was very great, as about Trafalgar Square and around St. Paul's, the lines were doubled. The greater number of the troops belonged to the army, although they were varied by detachments from the naval brigade. The blue-jackets were one of the smartest bodies of men out, and received great attention from the crowd, to whom evidently they were not nearly so familiar as the red-jackets.

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THE BATTLESHIP WÖRTH," THE REPRESENTATIVE OF GERMANY AT THE JUBILEE NAVAL REVIEW. Displacement, 10,200 tons. Length, 380 feet. Beam, 68 feet. Speed, 17.2 knots. Armor-Belt, 15.7 inches; deck, 3 inches; turrets, 11.8 inches. Guns-Six 11-inch, six 4.1-inch rapid-fire, eight 3.4-inch, two small calibre, ten mitrailleuse. Torpedo tubes, 7. From copyrighted photograph by West & Son, Southsea, England.

Besides her regular army, Great Britain has a reserve force of militia, volunteers, and yeoman cavalry sufficient, in time of need, to bring her force up to something like 725,000 men, including the white troops of India. The reserve troops were represented at the Jubilee by fine regiments from various parts of the British Islands.

The annual cost of this army is, of course, great. In 1896-97 it amounted to some $90,000,000. This appropriation covered, not only the cost of the regular troops, but of the reserve force; it included also military education, gratuities, pensions, rewards everything, in short, pertaining to the army. Of the general efficiency of the training of the troops I had an excellent opportunity to judge at a review given on July 1st in the presence of the Queen, the Prince and Princess of Wales, the Crown Prince and Princess of Italy, the Duke and Duchess of York, Lord Wolseley, and other high officials of the British and other governments. This review was held at Aldershot, a small town about forty miles southwest of London, where there is a permanent camp and barracks. On account of its proximity to London, Aldershot is a favorite point for reviews and

maneuvers.

Fortunately, July 1st was a bright, beautiful day. The field where the review took place was not large, but it was covered with a strong, green English turf, and with the forests and rolling hills in the background, made a perfect place for a display of troops. About 28,000 men assembled for the review, of whom fully 1,000 were colonials. The scene was one of indescribable brilliancy, because of the great variety of uniforms and the splendid equipment and discipline of the troops. I was very much impressed by the strong colors of the British uniform, now that I saw them massed. On a single soldier one does not notice them particularly; but in large bodies the black, green, scarlet, and blue are wonderfully bright and effective. To the beauty of the day and brilliancy of the troops was added the best and most inspiring music I heard in Europe. The pipes of the Highlanders, and the splendid military bands of the English and Irish regiments were equal to any I have ever heard. Mingled with the national airs, such as "British Grenadiers," the notes of some of Sousa's best marches greeted my ears again as they had done in Constantinople.

The colonials were given the place of honor in the review, that is, they were the

first to march before Her Majesty. As on English Channel, one hundred and sixty

the day of the Jubilee procession, they were commanded by Lord Roberts. They formed a picturesque sight as they passed rapidly across the field at Aldershot and wheeled into position at the left of Her Majesty. As soon as they had taken their places, the regular troops marched past in divisions. They were then massed and moved past in line of brigades; then the cavalry and artillery charged past at a gallop; and at the close, the entire army of 28,000 men formed on the opposite side of the field from Her Majesty's carriage, and moved in one solid body across the field and halted in perfect line within a hundred yards of the carriage. All the bands then struck up" God Save the Queen," and the entire body shouted "Long Live Victoria!" Thousands manifested their enthusiasm by placing their hats upon their bayonets and swords and waving them in the air, making it one of the most remarkable scenes I have ever witnessed, and one of the greatest demonstrations of loyalty and devotion that could possibly be made by an army toward a sovereign. The Queen was so moved by it that her face was bedewed with tears of gratitude, and thousands and tens of thousands of the British people looked on with moistened eyes.

THE GREAT NAVAL REVIEW AT SPITHEAD.

Imposing as is England's army in numbers, efficient as it is in every way, much as its varied services, now in Africa, now in China, now in the Pacific, appeal to our admiration, yet England's real defense is her navy. For more than two thousand years, the nation that has controlled the seas has to a great extent dictated the politics of the world. This was true of Rome and Spain, and has been true of England. For a short time, the United States navy was the most powerful, in fact the only modern navy of its kind afloat; but the prominence it occupied in 1865 remained with us but a few years. The sea power of England is to-day the bulwark and salvation of the British Empire. By that power it is enabled to hold its own provinces and to exert the most powerful influence in the politics of the world. The English are not only proud of their present sea power, but they glory in the events of the past, and they justly felt that a review of their fleet would be one of the significant and splendid features of the Jubilee ceremonies. To carry out their plans they assembled off Spithead, in the

eight vessels of the British navy, manned by 38,000 men, the most powerful and effective fleet that ever floated upon the waters of the earth.

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They were not mistaken in their belief that the pageant would be imposing. No man on the special train which took the royal party and the Jubilee guests down from London to Portsmouth on June 26, 1897, had ever seen such a sight. We reached Portsmouth about noon, and were assigned places on the royal yachts which were to pass the fleet in review. At two o'clock, a salute was fired, and the Victoria and Albert,' the yacht having the Prince of Wales on board, started from the harbor of Portsmouth, followed by a line of vessels bearing the guests. To understand the manner in which the review was conducted one should examine the bird's-eye view of the fleet as it lay at anchor (reproduced on Page 269). That view shows how the one hundred and sixtyeight battleships and cruisers which formed the fleet were arranged in lines running from east to west, thirty in the first line, thirty in the second, thirty-eight in the third, fortyeight in the fourth. South of them were arranged first a line of visiting battleships, and beyond that a row of merchant vessels. To the north were some twenty torpedoboats. By this arrangement great water avenues were formed, and it was up and down these that the reviewing vessels passed.

As

Every ship in the fleet was gaily decorated with hundreds of flags and pennants, and the yards were manned by seamen. the Prince of Wales passed, the band of each ship played "God Save the Queen" and other national airs, and the great batteries thundered their salutes. In the line of foreign vessels was a single warship of the United States, the "Brooklyn." She was the only vessel in the line painted white, and the irreverent tars called her the "cement factory." Her decks were crowded with a good company of enthusiastic Americans. The review occupied some two hours, and after it was over the vessels returned to Portsmouth, where the Prince of Wales signaled to the admiral who commanded the fleet, Sir Nowell Salmon, his satisfaction with the display. That evening the fleet was illuminated a surpassingly beautiful spectacle. An excellent description of this illumination was given by Mr. Steevens, and is here quoted:

"Out on the sea front you could see the lights of the fleet like glow-worms in the dark. Then suddenly

there sounded a gun; and as I moved along Southsea Common there appeared in the line a ship of fire: a ship all made of fire-hull and funnels and military masts with fighting tops. And then another, and another, and another. The fleet revealed itself from behind the castle, ship after ship traced in fire against the blackness. From the head of Southsea they still came on-fresh wonders of grace and light and splendor, stretching away, still endlessly, as in the daytime, till they became a confused glimmer six miles away. It was the fleet, and yet not the fleet. You could recognize almost any ship by her lines and rig-just as if it had been in day-only transmuted from steel and paint

into living gold.

"For three hours this miracle of brightness shone wondrously at Spithead. At half-past eleven or so the Prince returned the second time as before, and the golden fleet sent a thunder of salute after him. Then,

as I stood on the high roof of the Central Hotel, the clock struck twelve, and before my eyes the golden fleet vanished-vanished clean away in a moment. You could just see it go. Here half a ship broken off, there masts and funnels hanging an instant in the air; it all vanished, and nothing at all was left except the rigging lights, trembling faintly once more on the dark sea."

still preserved with great care, and the place on the deck where Nelson stood when he received his mortal wound, and the little cabin where he died amid the storm, the horror, and the gleam of victory of the great battle of Trafalgar.

The most wonderful fact about the review was that not a single vessel from the Mediterranean, Asiatic, or Pacific squadrons was drawn to make up this powerful body of warships. The review fleet was but a minor part of the great naval force which Great Britain has scattered in all parts of the globe.

The British fleet entire-which at the time of the review was manned by 100,000 men and had cost upwards of $400,000,000-consisted of 467 ships of all classes, with sixty-four building. Of this number, 28 were first-class battleships, 34 first-class cruisers, 125 first-class torpedo craft. When we remember that England must keep vessels One of the most significant things of the in all quarters of the globe in the Mediterday to me was that within view of this great ranean and the Red Sea, off the coast of fleet of modern warships lay that link which North America and in the West Indies, at binds the glories of the past with the grand- the Cape of Good Hope and in the Pacific, as eur and power of the present the small well as a great number for general servicebattleship "Victory," the flagship of Nel- the need of this vast armament is apparent. son, who contributed so much to the per- It is the one effective safeguard, not only of petuity and fame of the British navy. It is England, but of her world-wide colonies.

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ONE HUNDRED AND SIXTY-EIGHT VESSELS OF THE BRITISH NAVY, MANNED BY 38,000, THE MOST POWERFUL AND EFFECTIVE FLEET THAT EVER FLOATED UPON THE WATERS OF THE EARTH."

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