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Rhetorical pauses are made by the reader or speaker for the sake of force or emphasis. They may or may not occur where there would be punctuation-marks. The following are some of the conditions requiring the rhetorical pause:

RHETORICAL PAUSES.

1. Pause after an emphatic subject; as,

He was my friend, faithful and just to me:
But Brutus says he was ambitious;

And Brutus is an honorable man.

2. Pause after a subject if compound or modified; as,

Faith, Hope and Love | waved their bright wings.

Like the leaves of the forest when summer is green,
That host with their banners at sunset | were seen;
Like the leaves of the forest when autumn hath flown,
That host on the morrow | lay withered and strown.

3. Pause after any specially emphatic word or words at the beginning of a sentence; as,

Great is Diana of the Ephesians.

Flashed all their sabers bare.

Silver and gold | have I none.

Narrow is the way that leadeth unto life.

4. Pause before an adjective which follows the modified

noun; as,

He was gifted with a mind | deep, active, and well stored with knowledge. It was a calculation | accurate to the last degree.

5. An ellipsis demands a pause; as,

Homer was the greater genius; Virgil | the better artist.

He quotes Milton often; Spenser | never.

Add to your faith, virtue; to virtue | knowledge.

6. Words and phrases emphasized for the sake of contrast demand a pause following the contrasted part; as,

Talent is serious, sober, grave, and respectable: tact | is all that, and more, too.

When propositions are contrasted, the pause after the last is shorter than after the others; as,

No man despises rank, unless he is raised very much above | or sunk very much below the ordinary standard of humanity.

7. Pause before and after explanatory or parenthetical words and phrases; as,

Homer claims | on every account | our first attention, as the father, not only of epic poetry, but also | in some measure of poetry itself.

8. Complete clauses or phrases, when not restrictive, demand a pause before and after them; as,

Milton says beautifully | that truth is as impossible to be soiled by an outward touch | as is the sunbeam.

PARAPHRASING.

A paraphrase expresses the meaning of a passage in different language from that in which it was originally expressed. The change made should be limited to the form or the expression: it should never extend to the substance or to the idea. The following are a few examples of paraphrasing:

1. Change of order; as,

In all speculations on men and on human affairs, it is of no small moment to distinguish things of accident from permanent causes.

Changed:

To distinguish things of accident from permanent causes, is of no small moment in all speculations on men and on human affairs.

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2. Change of expression; as,

The power of fortune is confessed only by the miserable; for the happy impute-all their success to prudence and merit.

Changed:

The influence of fortune is admitted only by the unfortunate; for the prosperous ascribe all their success to forethought and merit.

3. Change of construction; as,

What passion cannot music raise and quell?

Changed:

There is no passion which music cannot raise and quell.

4. Change of figure; as,

Changed:

The evil that men do lives after them;

The good is often interred with their bones.

Men's evil deeds are recorded in brass; their good ones are often written on the sand.

5. Figurative language changed into literal; as,

Changed:

Now came still evening on, and twilight gray

Had in her sober livery all things clad.

Evening stole over the landscape, and all nature was covered with the gray shades of twilight.

LESSON XIII.

BREATHING AND VOCAL EXERCISES.

BREATHING.

Respiration or breathing is the process by which air is taken into the lungs and expelled from them. It is the motive power of the voice.

Natural order of treatment:

(a) What we breathe.

(b) Why we breathe.

(c) How we breathe.

(d) Breathing exercises.

What we breathe.

Pure air is the element. It gives life, with health, happiness, and full development of the vocal

organs.

Why we breathe. It is necessary to supply the system with oxygen; to rid the body of waste matter; and for the purpose of speech. Breathing also promotes the healthy development of the organs by which it is carried on. The intercostal muscles are strengthened, the lungs are rendered flexible and capacious, the muscles of the waist and back are exercised, and in fact the whole body is given additional symmetry and comeliness.

How we breathe. In order to protect the throat and lungs from impurities, one should breathe through the nostrils. Animals, savages, and healthy children may be emulated in

this.

BREATHING EXERCISES.

Too much importance cannot be attached to these exercises. 1. Chest Breathing.- Relax the muscles of the chest. Take a full inspiration and expand the chest to its fullest capacity. Exhale gradually.

2. Costal Breathing.- Distend the sides while inhaling, and relax gradually with slow and regular exhalation.

3. Waist Breathing.— Inhale with the view of expanding the entire circle of the waist.

4. Dorsal Breathing.- Inhale by endeavoring to thrust out the muscles of the back by the force of the air.

5. Abdominal Breathing.- Breathe deeply, expanding the abdomen in inhalation, and contracting it in exhalation.

6. Full Breathing. This is a union of all the previous exercises. The will should be exercised on all parts of the body simultaneously.

7. Prolonged Breathing.- Prolong the exercise of Full Breathing.

8. Effusive Breathing.— Inhale naturally. Exhale on the sound of h, gently and gradually.

9. Explosive Breathing.- Inhale as in Full Breathing, and expel the air forcibly but gradually upon the sound of h.

10. Explosive Breathing.— Take full breath, expel suddenly and with force in a whispered utterance the word Ha.

MISCELLANEOUS BREATHING EXERCISES.

1. Shoulders level, chest active, body erect and in easy position. Feet and hands well placed.

2. Inhale quickly through the nostrils, a full breath; then exhale slowly to the sound of h.

3. Inhale quickly through the nostrils; then with the lips in position for smiling, exhale slowly to the sounds ä, ē, ā.

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4. Inhale, as above; then exhale, using uh six times; vocalize it six times; alternate them in groups of six as long as you can hold the exhalation.

5. Inhale as above; then beginning slowly and increasing the rate to very swift, laugh out the vowels, ä ä, ă ă, ĕ ě, Ĭ Ĭ, Ŏ ŏ, ŭ ů.

6. Inhale as above; exhale slowly to the sound s.

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