bership in this professional organization. But my presence here is dedicated to the principle that at some future date fair play will come to all Americans who have qualified educationally and by experience for membership in this type of professional competence organizations.

Mr. KNOX. Do you belong to the SRA?

Mr. NICKERSON. No, I do not.

Mr. KNOX. Is that part of the real estate association?

Mr. NICKERSON. No, it is not.

Mrs. SPENCER. In connection with SRA, however, I would like to say that the appraiser whom I used on behalf of the defendants in Stockton, Lowell Stuart (?), is a member of the SRA. And they do not have this prerequisite for membership, that you must be a realtor. May I just say this, before closing, it has been brought to my attention by some of the members of consolidated realty board, that they have, as recently as April of this year, had experience with reference to loan applications before two of our insurance companies, they are life insurance companies, where they were contacted after having filed their plans with the city plan check department for new construction, they were contacted by the correspondent, the loan correspondent, for both of these life insurance companies with reference to asking that an application be submitted to their respective companies. And after application was submitted, in the course of subsequent conversations, they were advised that the policy of both of these companies was not to make loans to, or rather for property being purchased or built in areas that were not predominantly, or rather to Negroes if the area were not predominantly, Negro. And in both of these particular locations, the area was approximately 50 percent integrated. I wanted to comment on your assembly bill 1601, which I believe passed the assembly but failed to pass the senate. I certainly urge that everything be done for the passage of this bill. It is an excellent bill and would go a long way toward curing the abuses that we have talked about.

Mr. MCMILLAN. Did you want to make a statement? Will you speak into the mike, please? Will you state your name for the record?

WESLEY J. FAIRCHILD. My name is Fairchild, Wesley J. I am affiliated with Consolidated Realty Board. I would like to make this observation, based upon these things and certain acts as far as the State of California is concerned with reference to, well, this, I suppose, would be from the Governor down to the commissioner and his deputies. It appears to me that word "realtor" is copyrighted. It appears to me that under the law the State upholds that copyright. And it also appears that every broker must take the same examination to become a real estate broker in the State of California. He must be fingerprinted, etc. He is supposed to be qualified or they won't accept him as a broker. Since, then, the State upholds this copyright "realtor," certainly it would appear to me that you lawmakers should find somewhere along the line where if it is going to uphold that, every real estate broker should have the right to be a member of that board. Thank you.

Mr. MCMILLAN. I agree with you. Mr. Williamson.

Mr. WILLIAMSON. I understand what your situation is. Now, as I understand it, the Consolidated Realty Board is an all-Negro group. Is this right? Are all nonwhites?

Mrs. SPENCER. No, it's not. It's an integrated board, but it is the only board that the Negro brokers can join.

Mr. WILLIAMSON. It's an integrated board. I see. Are there members of your board who have dual membership; that is, who belong to your board and also the Los Angeles Realty Board?

Mrs. SPENCER. Yes.

Mr. WILLIAMSON. There are. But, as I understand it, first, members of your board, in fact your board was originally formed because of the fact that the individuals had not been able to obtain membership in the Los Angeles Realty Board or any of the other boards in the area. I understand, also, that some white real estate brokers who cooperate with you in some of your business dealings have because of this, been denied membership in, what is it, the Southwest Realty Board?

Mrs. SPENCER. Yes, that is correct.

Mr. WILLIAMSON. I see. Now, let me ask you one other question. Do any of these boards, yours, or the Los Angeles Board, or the Southwest Board, provide multiple-listing services.

Mrs. SPENCER. Yes. All of them do.

Mr. WILLIAMSON. Los Angeles Realty Board provides a multiple-listing service. Mrs. SPENCER. The branches-in other words, the Southwest Board, which is affiliated with the Los Angeles Realty Board, has a multiple-listing service.

Mr. WILLIAMSON. I see. Now, let me be sure that I understand this, now. The Los Angeles Board is not on the same level, you might say then, as the Southwest. In other words, it is a sort of superstructure over many other boards.

Mrs. SPENCER. That is correct. It is the parent body, and, as I understand it, one must be a member of the Los Angeles Realty Board, as a condition to membership in any of the affiliate boards such as the Southwest. The other boards exist to cover areas. In other words, there is a Lynwood branch, a Compton branch, and several branches throughout the city. And the purpose of that, is because they service the brokers whose practice or business is confined to those particular areas.

Mr. WILLIAMSON. So, therefore, even though the Los Angeles Board, as a board, does not provide a multiple-listing service, other boards in which membership is dependent upon membership in the Los Angeles Board, do, and so therefore you folks are denied participation in multiple-listing activities that are engaged in by these other boards.

Mrs. SPENCER. That is correct.

Mr. WILLIAMSON. I see. Do you provide a multiple-listing service for your members?

Mrs. SPENCER. Yes. There is a multiple-listing service provided by this board. Mr. WLLIAMSON. I see. How general among the individual boards in the Los Angeles area that are members of the Los Angeles Board, is a multiplelisting service? Is it a pretty general practice?

Mrs. SPENCER. You mean as far as the affiliate boards are concerned? Oh, yes. Each one.

Mr. WILLIAMSON. Each one does.

Mrs. SPENCER. This is the lifeline of the real estate business, as far as the brokers are concerned.

Mr. WILLIAMSON. I see. So, in other words, there is much of the market that you have no access to whatsoever.

Mrs. SPENCER. There is much of the market they have no access to, yes.

Mr. MCMILLAN. Mr. Knox.

Mr. KNOX. Do you happen to have any clippings on the press handling of the redevelopment trials in Stockton? Available?

Mrs. SPENCER. I don't have them with me, but I will certainly be glad to get them. I am going back Monday.

Also,

Mr. KNOX. If we could get some copies I think it might be interesting. are the areas being taken by the redevelopment agency, or at least the projects now in activity up there, are they taking areas that are predominantly occupied by Negro people?

Mrs. SPENCER. The area comprised 185 acres, approximately 800 families, and all but 6 of the families were either Mexican or Negroes. The area is pretty evenly divided between the Mexican community and the Negro community.

Mr. KNOX. Do they have a relocation group working with these people? Mrs. SPENCER. They had a relocation center operated by the agency and I have many complaints about this, but that's

Mr. KNOX. Have they managed to relocate anybody?

Mrs. SPENCER. Yes, the people have been relocated and through the efforts in part of the relocation center and the problem that has been called to my attention by some of the people who have been thus relocated is the fact that they have been relocated into substandard housing which is itself subject to be condemned under the police powers. And when I have in turn called this to the attention of the relocation center, their explanation is that this is a temporary relocation, and yet, they admit that there is no provision for, wherein they can, at any time, reacquire, I mean, that they can purchase this property from the homeowner who has put his money out. And obviously the seller isn't going to rescind the transaction 3 years hence. So I don't know what they are planning to do about permanently relocating the people once they have already purchased these other substandard homes.

Mr. KNOX. Are they building dwelling units in the area that they have already taken for redevelopment or is it for industry, or what?

Mrs. SPENCER. No, it's going to be partly for industry, but the present plan calls for most of the area to be used for residential purposes.

Mr. KNOX. Will the price of those units be such that the people who have been displaced can acquire them?

Mrs. SPENCER. This has not been determined. I have been endeavoring to get information on this. Other than the plan, with reference to the pictures of the type of structure, there isn't any detail available, on that. Unfortunately, though, there has been no effort made to relocate any of the people on a temporary basis with the thought that they may come back in, you know, or participate in the improvements in this area. And incidentally, under the 221 program, the other distressing thing to me, has been that there is no real effort made to qualify or even to advise the people who were being displaced, and who did relocate, that they were eligible for the 221 program. Mr. KNOX. That's the owner participation program.

Mrs. SPENCER. No, this is where they can get a 40-year loan, you know, up to $11,400 in that area financing for new houses. There were 150 allocations for 221 loans given to the area and 75 of these have been used, but they have been used by builders who use them and build property in areas where the brokers will not sell to Negroes. And after holding them for 30 days, as you know, under the law, they are permitted to put them on the open market and get all the market will bring in on them.

Mr. KNOX. Did they allow any owner participation in this area as far as you know?

Mrs. SPENCER. Yes, a small section, called the Burkend (?) Acres, comprising aproximately three short blocks, which is-oh, less than one-twentieth of the whole area.

Mr. KNOX. Were those blocks occupied principally by Negro people or minority groups?

Mrs. SPENCER. Principally by Mexican-it is a pretty mixed situation as far as the two groups were concerned.

Mr. KNOX. Thank you.

Mr. MCMILLAN. If there are no further questions from the members of the committee, we want to thank you very much for your presentation.

Mrs. SPENCER. I want to thank you, and I also want to thank the assembly for the many wonderful bills that you have passed, from which we have certrainly benefited.

Mr. MCMILLAN. It looks as though we need some more bills.

Mrs. SPENCER. We certainly do.

Mr. MCMILLAN. Thank you.

APPENDIX I
BIBLIOGRAPHY

[The Library of Congress Legislative Reference Service]

SELECTED REFERENCES ANNOTATED

A. Discrimination because of race, color, creed, or national origin (including a few general references)

NATIONAL

Bullock, Paul. Combating discrimination in employment. California management review, v. 3, Summer 1961:18-32.

Focuses upon economic necessity for merit employment, the problems confronted and techniques used by employers in combating discrimination.

Merit employment: nondiscrimination in industry. Los Angeles, Institute of Industrial Relations, University of California [1960]. 101 p. (HD 4903.5.U58B8)

Surveys nature and history of discrimination and the measures to establish merit employment.

David, Harry. Under-used sources of employees. Washington, U.S. Small Business Administration, 1959. 4 pp. (Small Marketers Aids No. 38)

Brief discussion of three categories of forgotten workers: (1) middle aged and older employees; (2) handicapped workers, and (3) members of minority groups. Emphasizes merits of each group and reasons for hiring them. Emerson, Thomas I. and David Haber. Political and civil rights in the United States. Buffalo, N.Y., Dennis & Co., Inc., 1958. 2 v. (2d ed.)

Ch. VII. Discrimination, D. Employment, p. 1422-1483: Excerpts of cases and material on problem of discrimination in employment.

Ferman, Irving. Discrimination in employment. New York law forum, v. 6, January 1960:59–68.

Predicts end of discriminatory practices in view of future labor supply demand. Fleischman, Harry. Is labor colorblind? Progressive, v. 23, November 1959:24

28.

Discrimination in labor unions has lessened, but "labor still has a long way to go before full equality prevails in all unions."

Greenberg, Jack. Race relations and American law. New York, Columbia University Press, 1959. 481 p.

Ch. VI: Earning a living, pp. 154–207.

Development of antidiscrimination in employment and role of law in reduction of discrimination.

App. A, Sec. 8-16: Citations to State and municipal legislative material dealing with discrimination in employment.

Hill, Herbert. Discrimination in employment. Congressional Record (daily ed.) v. 107, August 31, 1961:A6912-A6914.

Statement as labor secretary of the NAACP before House Committee on Education and Labor, August 22, 1961.

Racism within organized labor: a report of 5 years of the AFL-CIO, 1955-1960. Journal of Negro education, v. 30, Spring 1961:109–118.

Gives examples of discrimination against Negroes in unions, particularly craft unions. Finds that regardless of the stated aims of AFL-CIO regarding Negro rights, little has been done to assure them.

Holleman, Jerry R. The job ahead for the President's Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity. Labor law journal, v. 12, July 1961 :618–621.

The Vice Chairman of the President's Committee explains the methods used by Committee to attain objective.

Hope, John, II. Equality of opportunity; a union approach to fair employment. With introduction by Hubert Humphrey. Washington, Public Affairs Press [1956]. 142 pp. (HD 4903.5.U56H6).

Javits, Jacob K. Discrimination-U.S.A. New York, Harcourt, Brace & Co., 1960. 310 pp.

Ch. 5: Discrimination in employment

Ch. 6: Equality of opportunity in employment.

Surveys Federal and State actions against racial discrimination. Koversky, Irving. Racial discrimination in employment and the Federal law. Oregon law review, v. 38, December 1958: 54–85.

Assumes that antidiscriminatory laws protecting employment rights are inevitable. Describes attempts and measures by Federal Government to prevent discrimination.

Maloney, Walter H., Jr. Racial and religious discrimination in employment and the role of the NLRB. Maryland law review, v. 21, Summer 1961: 219-232.

A presentation of the development of the Federal law respecting racial discrimination with special reference to the NIRB.

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. The Negro wageearner and apprenticeship training programs: a critical analysis with recommendations. New York [1960]. 60 pp.

Study shows that Negroes are widely excluded from apprenticeship and training programs. Restrictions must be eliminated for effective use of

manpower.

Norgren, Paul H. and others. Employing the Negro in American industry; a study of management practices. New York, Industrial Relations Counselors, 1959. 171 pp.

Results of a 2-year study based on interviews with management people in 44 companies.

Plan for equal job opportunity at Lockheed Aircraft Corp. Monthly labor review, v. 84, July 1961: 748-749.

Excerpts of agreement signed by Lockheed and President's Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity.

Pressler, Sylvia B. and Burton L. Fundler. Discrimination in union membership: denial of due process under Federal collective bargaining legislation. Rutgers law review, v. 12, Summer 1958: 543-556.

An examination of the opportunities of the Negro to protest his exclusion from membership demonstrates the inability of the law to afford him necessary relief. Prominski, Henry J. Racial discrimination in union membership. University of Miami law review, v. 13, Spring 1959: 364–369.

Believes Supreme Court must in time face the problem of racial discrimination in labor unions. Questions whether consequent increased interference by government in such private activities as unions is for the best. Rayack, Elton. Discrimination and the occupational progress of Negroes. Review of economics and statistics, v. 43, May 1961 :209–214.

Tables.

Advancement of Negroes since 1940; role of reduction of discrimination. Ruchames, Louis. Race, jobs, and politics; the story of FEPC. New York, Columbia University Press, 1953. 255 pp. (HD 4903.5.U58R8)

A study to present comprehensive picture of effort to achieve fair employment practices through Federal Government intervention.

Shaffer, Helen B. Negro employment. Washington, Editorial research reports, 1959. 575-590 pp. (Editorial research reports, v. 2, no. 5, Aug. 5, 1959)

Contents: Improvement in Negroes' job opportunities. Shifts in occupational status of the Negro. Conciliation versus compulsion on job bias. Shishkin, Boris. Labor lifts the bar to opportunity. American federationist, v. 65, May 1958:16-17.

Feels that a nondiscriminatory clause in a union contract is a step in the right direction but effective enforcement is of probable greater importance. Slaiman, Donald. Discrimination and low incomes. American federationist, v. 68, January 1961:17-19.

An attempt to explain why it is that impoverishment is so often found among the nonwhites.

U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

The economic situation of Negroes in the

United States. Washington, 1960. 41 pp. (Bull. no. S-3)

Employment policies: Federal, State and trade union, pp. 17-27.

U.S. Commission on Civil Rights. Employment. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1961. 246 pp.

Report on discrimination in hiring practices, in promotion policies, in union activities, etc., throughout the United States.

U.S. Congress. Senate. Special Committee on Unemployment Problems. Readings in unemployment. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1960. 1716 pp. (Comm. print. 86th Cong., 2d Sess.)

Pt. II, Section 2. Special problem groups.

(d) Negroes

New York State Commission Against Discrimination: Nonwhite employment in the United States, 1947-1958, p. 872.

Ginzberg. Eli: Expanding economic opportunities, p. 877.

Stetler, H. G.: Training of Negroes in the skilled trades, summary and conclusions, p. 927.

Becker, Gary S.: The economics of discrimination, p. 957.

Hope, John, II: Equality of employment opportunity: a process analysis of union initiative, p. 961.

Studies in unemployment. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Of(Comm. print. 86th Cong., 2d Sess.)

fice, 1960. 432 pp.

Hope, John, II: The problem of unemployment as it relates to Negroes, p. 173-223.

U.S. President's Committee on Government Contracts. Five years of progress, 1953-58. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1958. 38 pp.

Company-by-company figures showing total employment and minority group employment.

Faiths joined for action: a report on the Religious Leaders Conference held under the auspices of the President's Committee on Government Contracts. Washington, [U.S. Government Printing Office, 1960.] 39 pp.

Conference primarily concerned with equal employment opportunities for Negroes.