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interest on the sum of $5,000 advanced to the county of Sussex under act of February 17, 1837, must be divided, as they fall due, among the counties equally, except that Sussex County is to have, for its schools, the interest on the $5,000 above mentioned in addition to its one-third part of the dividend from the general school fund.

2. All the clear dividends or profits from any other bank stock, securities, or property belonging to said fund, together with the clear sum from fees for marriage and tavern licenses, one-fourth of all money arising from licenses for auctioneering, foreign life insurance agency, vending of goods by samples, keeping of traveling jacks or stallions, keeping eating house, taking photographs, acting as brokers, real-estate agency, exhibiting circuses, practicing jugglery, selling vinous, spirituous, or malt liquors; also one-fourth of the fees on commissions issued to prothonotaries, clerks of the peace, recorders of deeds, clerks of the orphans' court, and sheriffs, and any other income of said fund, or money directed by law to be paid to the trustee of said fund for distribution, must be apportioned among the several counties according to their white population, as ascertained by the census.

The trustee of the school fund, in apportioning annually the share of its income to each county in the State, must distribute it equally among all the districts in the respective counties, without regard to the question whether the said districts are original or subdivided, and so that each district in the same county shall receive the same sum or share, except that in apportioning the share of Newcastle County among the districts thereof the said trustee shall distribute oneseventh part of this among the districts in the city of Wilmington, the residue among the remaining districts equally.

Taxation. The school commissioners in each school district must annually assess and levy, without regard to any vote thereon, in each school district of Newcastle County the sum of $150, in each school district of Kent County the sum of $125, and in each of the school districts in Sussex County the sum of $75.

Whenever the school voters in a school district raise in any year, by subscription or tax, $25, the school committee may draw an order on the trustee of the school fund for such district's share of the proceeds thereof. Such order, accompanied by a certificate that the committee did actually receive that amount, shall be accepted and paid by the said trustee to the extent of any sum that may stand to the credit of the district when the order is presented, and any money that shall be placed to its credit during that year of the account shall be applicable to the balance.

MARYLAND.

1. ORGANIZATION OF THE SYSTEM.

State board of education.-Board of county school commissioners.County examiner. District school trustees.

State board of education. The governor, by and with the advice and consent of the senate, shall appoint at every regular session of the general assembly four persons, who, together with the governor and the principal of the normal school, shall constitute the State board of education. The board shall meet quarterly at its office in the State normal school, and shall receive no compensation other than for the expenses incurred in attending meetings and for necessary clerical assistance, all to be met by $1,000 per annum. The duties of the board are to enforce the law regarding the public schools, to suspend or remove any unfit examiner or teacher, examine candidates for county examiner and give a certificate of qualification, and grant professional certificates to teachers of long experience and mence established reputation, which shall be valid until revoked for cause. They shall cause all institutions of whatever grade receiving public money to report annually, such reports or an abstract to be printed in the annual school report of the president of the board. In general, they shall have the care and supervision of the public school interests of the State, including the State normal school.

County board of school commissioners.-Educational matters affecting a county shall be under the control of a county board of school commissioners, to be appointed by the governor, with the advice and consent of the senate, of six or three persons, according to the county, for terms of six years, one-third the members retiring biennially. The board shall meet at least once during each school term, and its members shall receive a per diem for actual service of $4, not to exceed the average of $100 for each commissioner. It shall elect a person, not members of itself to be secretary, treasurer, and examiner, and in counties having more than 85 schools an assistant examiner may be appointed and his salary fixed. It has charge of all the property, estate, effects, money, funds, claims, and State donations, shall build, repair, and furnish schoolhouses, fix the salaries of teachers, purchase and distribute text-books, and in general has the supervision and control of all schools in the county and the duty to advance its educational interests. It shall annually report to the State board, and in addition make a financial statement. Vacancies are filled by the governor. No person teaching may also be county commissioner.

County examiner.-It shall be the duty of the county examiner, when elected by the county board, as stated above, to examine candidates for teaching schools in the presence of one or more district trustees. It is his duty to visit the schools of the county twice a year when it contains more than 50 schools and three times if it contains fewer, to examine pupils and to inquire into and regulate all matters relating to the management, the course of study, and the instruction and discipline of the schools. He must devote all his time to the schools.

District school trustees.-Educational matters affecting a school district shall be under the supervision of a board of district school trustees, and in all cases where the county has not been properly divided into school districts and full records of the boundaries thereof have not been made and recorded, the board of county school commissioners shall appoint a committee, if they deem it necessary, consisting of three persons, who shall divide the county into suitable districts, none to have a greater area than 4 square miles, unless a part of it be located in a thinly settled region, and in the formation of the district the committee shall take into consideration the most suitable site for the schoolhouse and the general features of the country. The board of school trustees of each district into which the county may have been divided shall be composed of three persons, who shall be appointed by the county school commissioners. The board shall have the care of the houses, lands, furniture, apparatus, and other school property, and except when repairs are paid by a county school tax they shall be determined by the county commissioners. It employs teachers, subject to confirmation by the board of county school commissioners, from among qualified applicants, and exercise a general supervision over their respective schools, and provide suitable outhouses. Vacancies may be created for cause and filled by the board of ccunty commissioners. For colored schools there is a special board of school trustees to be appointed by the board of county school commissioners.

2. TEACHERS.

Appointment, qualifications, and duties. Preliminary training.-Meetings.

Appointment, qualifications, and duties. No person shall be employed by the board of district trustees as a teacher unless holding a certificate issued by the examiner of the county in which the person proposes to teach or by the principal of the State normal school, or a diploma from that school, or a certificate from the State board, or, if a man, who is under 19, or, if a woman, under 17 years of age. Teachers shall record and render in their quarterly reports to county school commissioners the statistics of attendance, the text-books used, and branches taught, and other matters of a statistical nature as may be required, on penalty of forfeiture of pay. Salaries are fixed by board of county school commissioners.

teaching. Those of the second grade

Any person holding a first-grade teacher's certificate or the diploma of a respectable college or of a State normal school, who has been a teacher seven years, five of which have been in Maryland, may apply to the State board for a life certificate, which is, however, annullable for cause. The certificates issued by each county examiner shall be denominated as of first or second grade. Certificates of the first grade shall embrace orthography, reading, writing, arithmetic, geography, history, English grammar, bookkeeping, algebra, bra, natural philosophy, physiology, plane geometry, and theory and practice of tea shall embrace all the above except bookkeeping and natural philosophy; but the State board may add to the list of subjects required in either grade. Such a certificate shall not remain in force for more than six months unless the holder satisfy the examiner that he has ability to govern and to instruct the pupils of a school. When so satisfied the examiner may issue a revocable certificate for five years. No fees are charged for issuing certificates. In schools having more than 40 pupils in average attendance an assistant may be employed, and for every additional 40 children one teacher may be appointed and the school shall be graded. Preliminary training of teachers. - There shall be located in the city of Baltimore a State normal school for the instruction and practice of teachers in the science of education, the art of teaching, and the mode of governing schools, whose principal shall be appointed by the State board, at a salary of $2,500 per annum and such expenses as he may incur in traveling through the State attending institutes and superintending the schools. Besides the principal there shall be two men and two women professors, also appointed by the board. The school shall be open not fewer than nine months, and shall admit women of 16 and men of 17 years of age. The scholarships are distributed among the counties on the basis of their representation in the general assembly, and are selected by the school commissioners from among candidates having the scholastic qualifications for a teacher's certificate as testified by examination before the county examiner (in Baltimore, the city superintendent). The candidates are required to file a written declaration that their object in entering the school is to qualify themselves for teaching in the public schools in the State. In case they fail to fulfill this declaration they shall be compelled to pay $30 for each session of attendance. The State board of education shall have supervision of the school in every particular, and shall provide a model school of primary and grammar grade, the salary of the teachers to be paid in part from tuition fees derived from charges paid by the pupils of the model schools.

Meetings. A teachers' institute, designed as a temporary normal school, to continue five days, shall be held in each county once a year, and the county examiner shall be present and give normal instruction to the teachers each day.

District, county, and State teachers' associations are recommended by the law, and the Maryland State Teachers' Association has been organized.

3. SCHOOLS.

Attendance.-Character of instruction. -Text-books.-Buildings.

Attendance. All white youths between the ages of 6 and 21 years shall be admitted into the public schools of the State the studies of which they may be able to pursue, and for cause may be expelled. Proof must be furnished of having been vaccinated. School must, if possible, be kept open ten months. When two or more assistant teachers are employed in a school it shall be graded.

The board of county commissioners shall establish one or more public schools for colored persons 6 to 21 years of age, to be kept open as long as the other schools of the county, provided the average attendance be 15 or more.

Character of instruction.-In every district school there shall be taught orthography, reading, writing, English grammar, geography, arithmetic, history of the United States, and good behavior. Algebra, bookkeeping, natural philosophy, the constitution of the United States and of the State of Maryland and the history of Maryland, vocal music, drawing, physiology, the laws of health, the effects of narcotics and stimulants, and domestic economy shall also be taught, and the elements of agricultural science may be added to the curriculum of the State normal school and the public schools. In districts having a large German population the German language may be taught. Whenever the number of children attending school in any school district is greater than 100 the board of county school commissioners may, with the consent of the board of district school trustees, establish schools of different grades or the school district may be divided, and whenever the average attendance falls below 10 the school may be closed by the county school commissioners, but the district school trustees may keep it open in part at their own expense and shall receive their portion of the school fund as though the school had 20 pupils. Examinations shall be held twice annually. School shall be open six hours, and the hours for teaching shall be regulated by the board of county school commissioners. The school year has four terms. If a building for a high school shall be furnished by one or more election districts it shall be the duty of the board of county school commissioners to provide for the maintenance of academic instruction in the same, if the board deems the school necessary. The teachers are to be paid from the general school fund.

Text-books. The board of county school commissioners shall adopt and may purchase the text-books for the schools of the county, and shall authorize the delivery of them and of stationery to the various schools under regulations, but no pupil shall be required to pay more than $1 quarterly for the use of such books and stationery, and any child may be exempted from the fee on account of pecuniary inability.

Buildings. It is the duty of the board of county school commissioners to select suitable sites for schoolhouses. No schoolhouse shall be used for any other than public-school purposes or meeting unless by consent of the board of county school commissioners. Any person disturbing any public school in session shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall be fined $20 or be imprisoned not exceeding thirty days, or both.

4. FINANCES.

Funds (permanent or special).-Taxation.

Funds (permanent or special). - [The free-school fund is made up principally of two sums received from the United States, to wit: The interest on the sum advanced to the United States during the war of 1812, and the so-called United States deposit fund of 1837. The income of this is annually apportioned to the counties.]

If there be no widow or relatives of an intestate within the fifth degree, counting down from the common ancestor to the more remote, the whole surplus of an estate shall belong to the State, and shall be paid to the board of county school commissioners for the use of the public schools of the county.

Taxation. A State tax of 10 cents on each $100 of taxable property throughout the State shall be annually levied for the support of the free public schools and the State normal school, to be apportioned by the comptroller among the counties with respect to their population 5 to 20 years of age. The State tax and the interest of the free-school fund are intended to pay the salaries of the teachers and provide schoolbooks and stationery; but if they should be inadequate, then the county school commissioners are authorized to levy a tax as shall be necessary, not to exceed 10 cents on the $100, unless the excess be approved by the board of county commissioners [the general administrative authority].

VIRGINIA.

1. ORGANIZATION OF THE SYSTEM.

State board of education.-State superintendent of public instruction. County school board. County superintendent. District school board. City school board. City superintendent.

State board of education. - The State board of education shall be a corporation consisting of the governor, superintendent of public instruction, and the attorneygeneral. Its duties shall be as follows: To make rules for its own government and the execution of the law; to observe the operations of the system and suggest improvements to the legislature; to invest the capital and surplus income of the literary fund; to appoint, discipline, and remove county and city superintendents of schools, subject to confirmation by the senate; to order a vote in counties or cities on matters so referable by law; to decide appeals from the State superintendent and to determine the contingent expenses of his office; to audit all claims to be liquidated out of the State funds; to approve a first and second clerk for the office of the State superintendent and nominated by him, the first clerk to serve as secretary of the board at an extra compensation not to exceed $320; to regulate matters pertaining to public schools not specially provided for; to report to the general assembly, including the report of the State superintendent; to guard against the multiplying of schools to the detriment of the grade of instruction; to establish uniformity of text-books; to distribute school furniture, apparatus, and library books on some gradual system; to invite and encourage meetings of teachers at convenient places.

Superintendent of public instruction.--A superintendent of public instruction shall be elected by the general assembly by joint vote at its regular session every four years, who is authorized to rent an office in Richmond at $300 a year. He shall be the chief executive of the public free-school system, and shall see that the laws relating thereto are enforced and explain them to public-school officers, shall prepare suitable registers, blank books, and forms for the transacting of the school business, and by circulars and otherwise shall give instruction to those who have educational duties to perform. He may require special reports from any officer and may appoint persons to examine the schools of the county in which such person resides, but no compensation shall be received by him. He shall inspect the public schools as often as is consistent with his other duties, decide all appeals from decisions of county superintendents, shall preserve all books, apparatus, maps, etc., received by him, prepare a scheme for apportioning the money appropriated by the State for the schools among the several counties and cities on a basis of the number of children from 5 to 21 years, provide a seal, and annually report to the board concerning his official acts, including a plain statistical account of receipts and expenditures, and other duties required of him by law.

County school boards.—The county superintendent of schools, together with the district school trustees in each county, shall constitute a body corporate. It shall make and record rules for its own government, may appoint a clerk at $2 a day for actual service, prepare an estimate of the amount of money needed for the public schools and, after careful revision of the estimates of the district boards, separately prepare estimates of the expenses of schools in each school district, hold a regular annual meeting, manage or examine into the management of all property belonging to the county schools, and report annually to the State superintendent.

County superintendent of school -County superintendents shall be appointed by the State board for four years, at a compensation of $30 for every 1,000 of population for the first 10,000, $20 for every 1,000 in excess of 10,000 up to and including 30,000, and $10 for every 1,000 in excess of 30,000, rejecting in each case fractions less than 500; provided the compensation shall not be less than $200 a year, to be paid out of the bulk of the State school funds as distinguished from the appropriations from the same to the several counties. His duties shall be as follows: To explain the school system upon all suitable occasions and promote a desire for education, to prepare a scheme for apportioning the State and school funds among the school districts, to examine persons desiring to teach and to issue licenses and to promote the efficiency of the teaching force, to assist in the organization of the district school trustees at their sessions (without the right to vote), to examine all the schools as to their management, course of study, methods, discipline, and text-books, the condition of the schoolhouses, and the records and official papers of the school districts, to decide finally all complaints or appeals concerning the acts of persons connected with the school system, to administer oaths and take testimony whenever required in cases coming before himself or the State superintendent, to keep a record of his official acts, to make special reports to the State superintendent when required to do so, and to obey his instructions and make an annual report to him, on penalty of forfeiting the last quarter of his annual pay.

District boards of school trustees.-School districts shall correspond with the magisterial districts except that towns of 500 or more may elect to form a separate district. Subdistricts may also be formed or, if injurious, abolished.

The judge, commonwealth's attorney, and school superintendent of each county shall be a board to be known as the school trustee electoral board, which shall have power (except in case of municipal councils who appoint their own boards) to appoint district boards of school trustees of three each for the term of three years, one retiring annually, each of whom shall be a resident of the school district and shall continue so during his term or relinquish his place, and no supervisor or county treasurer is qualified. The duties of the board of trustees are as follows: To explain and enforce the school laws, to employ and to dismiss teachers, to suspend or dismiss pupils, to decide what children shall, by reason of poverty, be furnished text-books free, to see that the school census is taken properly every five years of persons 5 to 21 years, to call meetings of the people of the district, to prepare and present to the county school board an estimate of the money needed for maintaining the public schools, including buildings and text-books for the children of indigent persons, to care for, add to, and manage the school property of the district, and to permit the use of an unoccupied public schoolhouse (vacant from lack of funds to maintain it) by a person not employed by the board but who desires to teach, to report annually to the county superintendent, to visit the schools within the district, and to see that they are carried on in accordance with the law.

The clerk of the district school board shall every five years take a census of the persons (5 to 21 years) residing in the district, receiving compensation at the rate of $3 for every 100 persons enumerated, and perform other duties as may be required by the board, for which he shall be paid $2 per diem of actual service.

City school boards. All the school trustees in a city shall constitute a single corporation, which shall have the same officers, powers, and duties as ordinary boards of district school trustees except as otherwise provided. This board shall have power, subject to the common council, to prescribe the number and boundaries of school districts and the number of trustees (not exceeding three from each district); but until such arrangement is made every city not divided into wards shall be one school district, and cities divided into wards shall have as many districts as there are wards. Each trustee is appointed for three years, one retiring annually. The school board shall select text-books, though for the primary schools it must choose from a list furnished by the State board. It may also establish high and normal schools.

City superintendents. In every city of 10,000 or more inhabitants there shall be a superintendent of schools, appointed by the board of education of the city and paid by the State, though the amount thus paid may be increased by municipal action. Whenever the population of a county in which a city of fewer than 10,000

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