ART. VI. The Physical Geography of the Sea. By M. F. MAURY, LL.D., U.S.N., Superintendent of the ART. I.-1. De l'Art Chrétien. Par A. F. Rio. Tome 2. The Life of Michael Angelo Buonarroti, with Translations of many of his Poems and Letters. Also, Memoirs of Savonarola, Raphael, and Vittoria Colonna. By John S. Harford, Esq., D.C.L., F.R.S., Member of the Academy of &c. &c. II.-1. Sinai and Palestine in connexion with their History. By Arthur Penrhyn Stanley, M.A. 2. Later Biblical Researches in Palestine and the adjacent Regions; a Journal of Travels in the &c. &c. III. 1. Ecclesiæ Anglicanæ Religio Disciplina Ritusque Sacri. Cosini Episcopi Dunelmensis opusculum. &c. &c. 267 300 334 &c. &c. VI.-The Councils of the Church from the Council of Jerusalem A. D. 51, to the Council of Constan- tinople A. D. 381, chiefly as to their Constitution, but also as to their Objects and History. By the 391 THE CHRISTIAN REMEMBRANCER. JULY, 1857. ART. 1.-Cathedra Petri: A Political History of the Great Latin Patriarchate. By THOMAS GREENWOOD, M. A., Cam. and Dur., F.R.S.L., Barrister-at-Law. London: C. J. Stewart, King William Street, Strand. THE author's object in the above work is to give an historical account of the rise and development of the Papacy of that idea which, based on and springing from the words of our blessed Lord to S. Peter, has, by degrees, become consolidated into the dogma, that the latter is the one original Bishop and governor of the whole Church, and her final standard of appeal; that her unity depends exclusively on him; and, consequently, that out of her communion there is no known salvation. The time discussed in the present volume, is from the birth of our Lord to the close of the fifth century. Mr. Greenwood has narrated, with great care and very elaborately, every ecclesiastical event of importance during that period which in any way bears on the subject. There is an air of thorough sincerity in his pages, and often a candour even hurtful to his own cause; but our present task would be easier and far more agreeable, were his statements in all cases such as we could admit, and his opinions those which we could thoroughly adopt, and to which we could heartily assent. The first question to be settled, of course, is whether the words of our Lord referred to above, really bear the exclusive meaning and application which modern Romanism gives to them. If so, to establish Rome as the centre of all union through S. Peter, it must evidently, in the second place, be decided that he really lived and died as Bishop in particular of the Church in that city; and, lastly, that he had Bishops, successors in his office, to whom as such, his own powers and prerogatives descended. Mr. Greenwood treats these points in order. On the subject of S. Peter's power and position in the Church, Mr. Greenwood takes the same view as Andrewes, Bramhall, Bull, Barrow, and others of our greater divines, with more than one of the continentals, particularly of the Gallicans in the seventeenth century. While he admits that S. Peter had a personal superiority over the other Apostles, on the score of his greater zeal and energy, he proves that the address to S. Peter in S. John xxi. 15-17, does not contain that exclusive commission to him, as the ruler and governor of the whole Church, for which the ultramontanists contend; since the same powers were also bestowed on the other apostles, as related in S. Matthew xviii. 18, S. John xx. 20-23. The exact practical meaning of the force of our Lord's words, as far as they were addressed peculiarly to S. Peter, must be determined, he says, 'by those who were the personal witnesses of these addresses; 'who must be presumed to have best understood his words: 'who must have seen his gestures and felt his emphasis at the time of uttering them: and he shows that they were not acted on by the rest of the Apostles, as if they understood them in the Romanistic sense, or conceived themselves to be under the control of S. Peter as a superior. He conceives that in the words of our Lord, in S. Luke xxii. 24-30: 'The question of the mastery or primacy among the disciples in their special character of ministers of Christ is expressly raised; and the existence of any such power is primâ facie as expressly negatived as words could convey it. Upon the whole bearing, therefore, of these declarations we conclude that, as ministers of the Gospel, our Lord meant that no single member of the Apostolic College should, either in His earthly or in His heavenly kingdom, enjoy any pre-eminence of rank or power over the rest.'-P. 11. And this conclusion he conceives to be strengthened; first, by S. Paul's rebuke to S. Peter; secondly, by his emphatic denial to the Galatians, that the other Apostles gave him any authority as an Apostle; thirdly, by his declaration that his apostolic gifts were from no man, but from God alone; and, lastly, by the fact that in the Apostolic Council at Jerusalem, S. Peter took no such especial place as he would have done had he possessed any precedency or extraordinary authority. What, then, is the meaning of the promise made, and the gift which S. Matthew states to have been given to S. Peter on so remarkable an occasion, and in so solemn a manner; and I say also unto thee, that thou art Peter; and upon this rock I 'will build my Church; and the gates of hell shall not prevail against it?'S. Matthew xvi. 18. Mr. Greenwood shall here speak for himself: In the exclusive addresses of our Lord to Peter which we have had occasion to consider, that Apostle is described as, in some undefined sense, the rock or foundation upon which the Church of Christ was to be erected. The term "foundation" is, however, used by the sacred writers in a variety |