Leopold, to which the king did not agree. Bismark saw in this a chance to arouse feeling in France which would bring about war and as Prussia was for war with France and saw that such a war must come sooner or later he gave out the news of this last demand in such a way that France was roused to indignation and Napoleon was compelled to declare war on Prussia. The news which Bismark gave out further was expressed in such a way that Germany was as indignant against France as France was against Prussia and immediately all Germany united with Prussia against France. The war was short. The Germans and Prussians were entirely successful. Paris was captured by the Prussians in January, 1871. By the terms of the treaty that followed Prussia under the direction of Bismark took Alsace-Lorraine which in the days of the old German-Roman empire had belonged to Germany. In addition an indemnity of one billion dollars was exacted by Prussia and Prussian troops remained in France until this was paid.

The bitter feeling of France for Germany dates from the war of 1870. The French have longed for revenge and the recovery of the "lost provinces."

In January, 1871, all the German states united and the "German Empire" began with William I., King of Prussia, and a member of the House of Hohenzollern, as first German Emperor, or Deutscher Kaiser. *

The long conflict for Union was now at an end and Germany was ready to battle for her place among the great nations of the world.

In the meantime, since 1866, Austria, with the Hapsburg ruler, Francis Joseph, was left to make shift for itself as best possible. A union was formed with Hungary so that Francis Joseph ruled both nations; however, each had its own capital and parliament.

The German Emperor was given great power in government matters. As King of Prussia he came to control sufficient votes to block any measure in the Bundesrat (Federal Council) provided the measure did not meet his approval.

The German Emperor appoints and dismisses the imperial chancellor. The imperial chancellor receives all his authority from the Emperor and is not bound in any way by the votes of Bundesrat or the Reichstag. The Bundesrat in Germany corresponds somewhat to the Senate in the United States, and the

Reichstag, to the House of Representatives. The imperial chancellor presides over the Bundesrat. The Reichstag is the great debating society of Germany. It has little real power and is called by the Germans, "The Hall of Echoes."

As chancellor of William I., Bismark took every possible measure to strengthen the Imperial Government. In spite of opposition from many sources he was successful and the government now controls practically everything in Germany.

Since 1871 industrial work, manufacturing, and education have made tremendous progress. In the pursuit of trade Germany has sailed every sea and penetrated every country in the world.

Germany had great coal, salt and iron mines, also, great lead, copper and zinc mines. It has great forests and other natural re

sources.

In 1884 Germany first began its colonial possessions by the founding of colonies in Togoland and in Kamerun. Previous to the Great War Germany held the following colonial possessions, Kamerun, German South West Africa, German East Africa, North New Guinea, Bismark Archipelago, Caroline Islands, and a part of the Samoan Islands. Germany had, also, other small possessions. The population of the colonial possessions of Germany was about 14,000,000 people.

Germany has over one thousand miles of canals. Among the most important of these is the Kiel Canal connecting the Baltic and the North Sea. The Ludwig Canal connects the Danube and the Main, a branch of the Rhine, so that boats can pass from the North Sea to the Black Sea.

William I. died in March, 1888. His son Frederick became Emperor until June of the same year, when he died. William II., the eldest son of Frederick, then became Emperor of Germany. This is the present Kaiser. His mother was Victoria, the eldest daughter of Victoria, Queen of England.

William II. desired to be his own imperial chancellor and so dismissed Bismark, saying, "I have taken up the reins of government looking for aid to the King of kings."

Under William II. the German government has become the least democratic of any in Europe. The following from the proclamations of the Kaiser indicate very clearly his attitude in the

matter:

"Only one is master in the Empire, and I am that

one.

"I will tolerate no other.

"I represent monarchy by the grace of God.
"You must all have one will and that is my will.
"There is only one law and that law is my law.
"If I order you to shoot down relatives, brothers, yes,

even parents, you must do it.

"Woe and death unto those who oppose my will.

"Let all the enemies of the German nation perish.

"God demands their destruction.

"With the mailed fist and the shining sword we shall bring peace."

Education has been encouraged. Germany and the United States have exchanged university professors. In Germany industrial education has been emphasized, also, military education. It has come about in Germany that all education has been along the three following lines:

1. Industrial education.

2. Military education.

3. Professional education.

For the last twenty years many Americans have not considered their education complete until they had spent some time in study in Germany.

In Germany less than one-half of one percent of the people are unable to read and write. The educational system has, therefore, been very effective. The school day and the school term are longer in Germany than in the United States. The teachers in all the schools of Germany are nearly all men of experience, and they hold their positions for life.

Prussia has been the military schoolmaster of Europe.

At the opening of the Great War Germany contained 208,780 square miles and a population of 66,615,000 people.

William II. is a type of the modern German, resourceful, energetic, commanding. Like Frederick the Great he uses honest or dishonest, kind or cruel methods to promote his ideas of German interests. He leads his nation, heads it, directs it.

The chief agricultural crop is the sugar beet. The income from this pays for a large part of the wheat and rye which is imported into Germany.

SUMMARY.

The Germans probably came from Asia. history they have occupied central Europe.

Since the dawn of
For four hundred

years they were held in check by the Romans. After long struggles with the Romans they finally overcame them and ruled at Rome for about eight hundred years.

All the nations of western Europe are descendents of branches of the Teutonic tribes of long ago.

The Protestant religion began and was originated in Germany by a German and caused one hundred years of cruel wars.

Prussia, the military schoolmaster of Europe, has organized and developed modern Germany. Prussia, with her military aims, is responsible for the Great War.

William II., the Hohenzollern King of Prussia, and Emperor of Germany, has recalled to his people the greatness of Germany's past and has set them the task of again ruling Europe.

Aims.

Outline Study of a Short Course in

Domestic Science*

GLADYS FREEMAN PALMER, SPRINGFIELD, MASS.

COOKING COURSE.

First Semester, Two Periods Every Day.

1. To give a thorough knowledge of the underlying principles of cookery, with application to make this knowledge useful.

2. To acquaint the girls with the food requirements of the body and the foods best able to satisfy these needs.

3. To teach efficiency in the handling of utensils and materials, so that work may be done intelligently, both at school and at home.

4. To instill the sterling qualities of absolute cleanliness, neatness and accuracy.

Notes.

The common foodstuffs are studied from the standpoints of source, manufacture, composition and food value. The work is taken up from a practical and economical standpoint. Dishes are cooked which can be utilized at home, and methods are given by which recipes can be made more economical, substituting less expensive ingredients for those higher in price. At the beginning of the course simple dishes are cooked, working gradually up to those complicated in form, in that more ingredients are used and more principles are brought into use. The food study is completed by practice in planning and preparing meals in order to prove that proper combinations of food are understood and that the order of work in the preparation of the several dishes, necessary for a meal, may be grasped. Attention is given to the essentials of good table service and acceptable

This Outline is presented, in the belief that it will prove suggestive to other teachers of the subject, exactly as it was given by the teachers of Domestic Science, in the High School of Commerce, Springfield, Mass., last year, under the direction of Miss Palmer, the Head of the Department.