OBITUARY. WILLIAM PINNOCK.-Few names are better known in the annals of education than that of William Pinnock, attached to so many elementary school-books, Catechisms, Histories, and, in short, to every class of useful and valuable study for the young. He died on the 21st ult., in his sixty-second year, and in very poor circumstances, only alleviated by the affectionate attentions of a wife and relatives who had unhappily been estranged from his latterly wayward and expedient-seeking course of life. But poor Pinnock was not always so he made fortunes, and he lost them; for his mind was speculative beyond satiety or cure. From the humblest condition he raised himself to property and consideration. His energy was invincible; and had he been as steady in pursuit as he was ingenious in scheming, he might have been one of the richest publishers and booksellers in Britain. Pinnock was lowly born at Alton in Hampshire, where he made his first start as a teacher, and devised the admirable plan of catechetical composition for the purposes of early tuition. Thence he removed to Newbury; where the stoppage of the bank involved him in considerable difficulties. We became acquainted with him about that time; and an act on his part of a very honorable nature gave us a most favorable opinion of his character. For a year or two, settling in London, he was, with his then partner, Mr. Samuel Maunder,* publisher (with a share) of the then young Literary Gazette. His unwearied activity and perseverance at this period established the elementary school-books, which bore his name, to an immense extent; and, if he could have been contented with success, we think we may speak from personal knowledge that four or five thousand pounds a year was nearly his certain reward. But, as we have hinted, his Soul was a Projectile, without rest or end. Success only generated desire; and in the midst of publishing most prosperously, he devised new roads to fortune, and steamed away upon them all, as they inflamed his imagination. Among others, we remember one of pianoforte-making; to secure a monopoly in which he went to the London Docks, &c., and bought up all the veneer wood that could be got, so that all the old houses must come to him for veneer, or he alone could manufacture elegant instruments! And so he sank some thousands of pounds in a lot of material which could not have been wrought up in half a century. Embarrassment was sure to follow such freaks as these; and that partnership which had done so much for him was broken up. Then came a course of numberless erratic modes to live on the past, and obtain notoriety and means enough to carry other of his large and tempting projections into effect. His later years were obscured by these attempts, and his representations (as far as they went) reflected some suspicions and discredit upon those who had made and sustained him in his earlier and better days. *Of Mr. Maunder, the author of the Treasury of Knowledge, Biographical Treasury, and other works of the kind, unequalled for industry, care, and merit, we cannot omit the opportunity to speak in terms of the warmest eulogy both as a private individual and a public writer of the most useful description. Though Pinnock was the original contriver of the majority of the publications which justly obtained such extensive popularity, all the best parts of the execution were by Mr. Maunder, whose sister is Pinnock's widow; and whilst the one unfortunately forsook the direct road, where he had accomplished so much, to follow illusory projects, the other persevered honorably in the path of literary labor and exertion, earning for himself an unsullied reputation for great ability and straightforward enterprise. By Mr. Maunder and his sister, the latter clouded days of their misguided connexion were soothed and brightened for his errors and neglect were all forgotten in his forlorn condition.-Ed. L. G. Whatever were his errors,-the errors of misfortune and reduced circumstances, rendered more exciting by the fervent structure of his disposition,-it ought not to be forgotten, that the works produced in his name, and through his exertions, have contributed perhaps more than any other class of literary production to the now prevalent means and clamors for universal education. He has done much in his day towards this popular effect; and in his early services and late sufferings, his early merits and his late decline, we must-a just and generous public must-lament his frailties, but do honor to his foresight and resolute exertions in the cause of " instruction for the million." Like too many pioneers, he lost his own way; but now his path has ended in the grave, we (who have suffered somewhat by him) would put his Epitaph among those who have benefited their fellow-creatures; and, as was said of a jester, migh inscribe with much more of feeling, truth, and justice, the tomb of a teacher ALAS, POOR PINNOCK! Lit. Gaz. MRS. MARCUS HOLMES.-Oct. 10. Elizabeth, wife of Marcus Holmes, esq. of Westbury-on-Trym, Somersetshire, daughter of the late Rev. John Emra, Vicar of St. George's, Bristol, recently deceased. one of Mrs. Holmes was not one of those who blazon forth their talents-she emphatically pursued the quiet "tenor" of her way, which was peace and love; but enduring monuments of her taste, her moral worth, and, above all, her piety, are conspicuous in the works which remain to testify of her devotion to the cause of Christianity. Her earliest productions were given to the Bristol Mirror. Her first distinct work was "Lawrence the Martyr;" "Scenes in our Parish" followed, two series of which were published, and attracted so much attention, that on the occasion of Mr. Southey's last visit to Bristol he paid a visit to St. George's, to congratulate the accomplished authoress on the success of her volumes, which were published as the unassuming production of "A Country Parson's Daughter." Mrs. Holmes was a frequent contributor to the British and other magazines; and the annuals also were occasionally adorned by her beautiful verses. Her best energies (whilst she lived at St. George's) were devoted to the promotion of the temporal, and especially the spiritual, interests of the inhabitants of Kingswood, and its vicinity, where her early days were spent. After the death of her venerated parent she removed to Westbury, where, in the bosom of her beloved family, she resided until the summons, peculiarly sudden and afflictive, was issued-" Come up hither." That she has entered into the "joy of her Lord," whom she so sincerely followed on earth, is the only and best consolation of the many sorrowing friends whom she has left behind.-Gent. Maz. C. E. F. WEYSE.-In 1842.-At Copenhagen, aged sixty-eight, Christopher Ernst Frederik Weyse, the master Composer of the North of Europe. He was born at Altona, in 1774, of indigent but respectable parents; his mother was well known in that town for her performances on the piano, and his grandfather, the Cantor at the parochial church, gave him his first musical lessons; his stepfather, however, destined him for the counting-house, and had the mortification of finding him most unqualified for the task. In the autumn of 1789 young Weyse landed at Copenhagen, provided merely with a few letters of introduction; one was for the leader of the Royal Orchestra, Schultz, a man of talent and SCIENCE AND ARTS. ROMAN ANTIQUITIES FOUND AT ROUGHAM.— These antiquities were found in September last at Rougham, near Bury St. Edmunds. While some laborers were digging on Eastlow Hill a large barrow in the parish of Rougham (Low being the Saxon for barrow), they discovered an iron lamp and one or two other remains, which induced the proprietor to dig systematically on the site of one or two smaller barrows in the vicinity. In one of these, which, from its containing burnt human bones, was pronounced to be of that species of Roman tomb called bustum, were found the following articles: an urn, of pale bluish glass, with two reeded handles and an eared mouth-the ossorium, or bone urn: a lachrymatory, or perfume vessel, of dull green glass: a very corroded coin: two black jars or jugs: a large spherical pitcher, of coarse yellow pottery, and another of the same character, but much smaller a patera, of red ware, with the potter's mark on it, but almost illegible: two simpula, of similar ware, on one of which the potter's mark, Albuci, for Albuci officinâ, is very legible: an iron lamp, two iron rods, and some gold dust. The date of these barrows has not yet been satisfactorily determined; but Prof. Henslow seems to think, from the nature of the tombs, that there is good reason to believe them of the same date with the barrows at Bartlow, noticed by Mr. Rokewood, believed to be of the period of Hadrian; consequently, between the first and second centuries of our era.Athenæum. posed to the atmosphere for many years.—Athe næum. HURRICANE. The following extract is from a letter received by Mr. E. Turner, M. P. for Truro, from his son, H. M. Consul at Carthagena, dated October 23rd:-"On the morning of the 21st, a most awful catastrophe occurred here, in sight of my house. About 4 o'clock in the morning vivid lightning came on, with tremendous thunder-such lightning as was never seen at Carthagena, within the memory of man. I left my bed, and proceeded to the window, where I had not been five minutes before I heard a great rushing of wind proceeding from the east, and I observed also a water-spout, which immediately burst, carrying with it into the air five large felucca boats, of forty to fifty tons each, which fell into the water again, upside down, and of course sank, with the poor sailors on board, fifteen of whom were drowned. It then proceeded in a north-west direction, unroofing houses, carrying off timber trees, and even rocks of great weight. This morning, two poor fellows, sailors, who be longed to one of the vessels, were found dead about a league from Carthagena, having been carried off and dropped by the whirlwind. On the mole were thrown huge stones, houses were demolished, and the roof of the Prisichi, where the convicts are confined, was completely carried away. Strange, however, as it may seem, an English brig was at anchor within 50 yards of the spot where the waterspout burst, and sustained no damage whatever.”Athenæum. There are CARDINAL FESCH'S MAGNIFICENT GALLERY.— BALLOON PROPELLED BY MACHINERY.-Mr. The sale of Cardinal Fesch's magnificent gallery is Monck Mason is exhibiting, at Willis's Rooms, a fixed to take place at Rome in March next. Νο large model of a Balloon propelled by machinery. gallery in Italy is, it is said, so rich as this in the The balloon is supported in the air by the ordinary multitude and diversity of schools. means of hydrogen gas; the propelling power is the many first-rate pictures of Holbein, Vanhuysen, Archimedean screw, worked, in the model, by a Teniers, Backhuysen, Rembrandt, Vandervelde, spring wheel; and the balloon can be made to asWouvermans, Sneyders, Jan Steen, Rubens, Vancend or descend, to a limited extent, by raising or dyke, Ruysdael, &c; capital works of Raphael, lowering an attached rudder. The contrivance is Leonardo da Vinci, Guido, Titian, Andrea dal Sarto, ingenious, and the experiments were successful. Giulio Romano, Albano, the Carracci, Beato AnAs it is not offered as a model of an aerial locomo-gelico, &c.; many of Watteau, Lesueur, Claude tive by which road and railway travelling are to be Lorraine, Greuse, Poussin, &c.—Ibid. superseded, we are not called on to point out those inherent defects which would prove insurmountable obstacles to any such practicable application of it.- Ibid. | From Stockholm, it is stated that a banquet was given on the 11th ult., by the Royal Academy of Sciences in that capital, in honor of the sixty-fourth birthday of Berzelius; the same day being also the illustrious man to the office of Secretary of the twenty-fifth anniversary of the nomination of that hear that Thorwaldsen has completed the colossal statute of Hercules, destined, with those of Æsculapius, Minerva, and Nimesis (all colossal, and of bronze), to adorn the facade of the royal residence, the Castle of Christianburg.-Athenæum. METALLIC SAND.-This sand is produced by grinding copper slag by means of powerful machine-learned body in question.-From Copenhagen, we ry, and consists of iron, zinc, arsenic, and silica, the iron predominating; the slag is procured in abundance in Swansea. In chemical analysis it is very similar to the pozzolano, and in point of durability is found to be equal to the latter. With blue lias lime, which is used for hydraulic works, the metallic sand readily enters into combination, and these having been used together for external works, exposed to all the changes of the atmosphere, have proved the indurating qualities of the metallic sand, after an experience of eight years. Specimens were laid on the table: 1st, brickwork of a fresh-water tank, which had been erected six years, was removed by a pick-axe; the bricks yielding to the strokes of the axe, but the cement remaining solid; 2nd, imitations of marble executed by a painter on the face of stuccoed-work, formed of metallic cement, in conjunction with common chalk, lime, and putty, and afterwards polished; 3rd, a specimen of fresco-painting, also executed on a face similar to the above; 4th, a vase, the figures on which retain their original sharpness, although it has been ex ANCIENT SEPULTURE.-In digging a trench at Dammarlin (Jura) a large flag-stone was discovered, opening into a vault below, in which were found twelve stone cases, raised against the wall, like sentry-boxes. One of these was broken into, and disclosed a headless skeleton, in a complete suit of armor, eaten up with rust, but still held together by leather thongs. At its feet lay a purse of metallic rings, containing 23 small bronze and silver medals; and also a handsomely chased octagonal reliquary, which had apparently been attached by a chain. The date is supposed to be of the 11th or 12th century; and the coins all belong to the Netherlands, except one representing Charlemagne, Some remains of Gothic inscriptions appear: the tomb has been closed for the present.-Lit. Gaz. OBITUARY. WILLIAM PINNOCK.-Few names are better known in the annals of education than that of William Pinnock, attached to so many elementary school-books, Catechisms, Histories, and, in short, to every class of useful and valuable study for the young. He died on the 21st ult., in his sixty-second year, and in very poor circumstances, only alleviated by the affectionate attentions of a wife and relatives who had unhappily been estranged from his latterly wayward and expedient-seeking course of life. But poor Pinnock was not always so he made fortunes, and he lost them; for his mind was speculative beyond satiety or cure. From the humblest condition he raised himself to property and consideration. His energy was invincible; and had he been as steady in pursuit as he was ingenious in scheming, he might have been one of the richest publishers and booksellers in Britain. Pinnock was lowly born at Alton in Hampshire, where he made his first start as a teacher, and devised the admirable plan of catechetical composition for the purposes of early tuition. Thence he removed to Newbury; where the stoppage of the bank involved him in considerable difficulties. We became acquainted with him about that time; and an act on his part of a very honorable nature gave us a most favorable opinion of his character. For a year or two, settling in London, he was, with his then partner, Mr. Samuel Maunder,* publisher (with a share) of the then young Literary Gazette. His unwearied activity and perseverance at this period established the elementary school-books, which bore his name, to an immense extent; and, if he could have been contented with success, we think we may speak from personal knowledge that four or five thousand pounds a year was nearly his certain reward. But, as we have hinted, his Soul was a Projectile, without rest or end. Success only generated desire; and in the midst of publishing most prosperously, he devised new roads to fortune, and steamed away upon them all, as they inflamed his imagination. Among others, we remember one of pianoforte-making; to secure a monopoly in which he went to the London Docks, &c., and bought up all the veneer wood that could be got, so that all the old houses must come to him for veneer, or he alone could manufacture elegant instruments! And so he sank some thousands of pounds in a lot of material which could not have been wrought up in half a century. Embarrassment was sure to follow such freaks as these; and that partnership which had done so much for him was broken up. Then came a course of numberless erratic modes to live on the past, and obtain notoriety and means enough to carry other of his large and tempting projections into effect. His later years were obscured by these attempts, and his representations (as far as they went) reflected some suspicions and discredit upon those who had made and sustained him in his earlier and better days. *Of Mr. Maunder, the author of the Treasury of Knowledge, Biographical Treasury, and other works of the kind, unequalled for industry, care, and merit, we cannot omit the opportunity to speak in terms of the warmest eulogy both as a private individual and a public writer of the most useful description. Though Pinnock was the original contriver of the majority of the publieations which justly obtained such extensive popularity, all the best parts of the execution were by Mr. Maunder, whose sister is Pinnock's widow; and whilst the one unfortunately forsook the direct road, where he had accomplished so much, to follow illusory projects, the other persevered honorably in the path of literary labor and exertion, earning for himself an unsullied reputation for great ability and straightforward enterprise. By Mr. Maunder and his sister, the latter clouded days of their misguided connexion were soothed and brightened; for his errors and neglect were all forgotten in his forlorn condition.-Ed. L. G. Whatever were his errors,-the errors of misfortune and reduced circumstances, rendered more exciting by the fervent structure of his disposition,-it ought not to be forgotten, that the works produced in his name, and through his exertions, have contributed perhaps more than any other class of literary production to the now prevalent means and clamors for universal education. He has done much in his day towards this popular effect; and in his early services and late sufferings, his early merits and his late decline, we must-a just and generous public must-lament his frailties, but do honor to his foresight and resolute exertions in the cause of “instruction for the million." Like too many pioneers, he lost his own way; but now his path has ended in the grave, we (who have suffered somewhat by him) would put his Epitaph among those who have benefited their fellow-creatures; and, as was said of a jester, migh inscribe with much more of feeling, truth, and justice, the tomb of a teacher ALAS, POOR PINNOCK! Lit. Gaz. MRS. MARCUS HOLMES.-Oct. 10. Elizabeth, wife of Marcus Holmes, esq. of Westbury-on-Trym, Somersetshire, daughter of the late Rev. John Emra, Vicar of St. George's, Bristol, recently deceased. one of Mrs. Holmes was not one of those who blazon forth their talents-she emphatically pursued the quiet "tenor" of her way, which was peace and love; but enduring monuments of her taste, her moral worth, and, above all, her piety, are conspicuous in the works which remain to testify of her devotion to the cause of Christianity. Her earliest productions were given to the Bristol Mirror. Her first distinct work was "Lawrence the Martyr;" "Scenes in our Parish" followed, two series of which were published, and attracted so much attention, that on the occasion of Mr. Southey's last visit to Bristol he paid a visit to St. George's, to congratulate the accomplished authoress on the success of her volumes, which were published as the unassuming production of "A Country Parson's Daughter.' Mrs. Holmes was a frequent contributor to the British and other magazines; and the annuals also were occasionally adorned by her beautiful verses. Her best energies (whilst she lived at St. George's) were devoted to the promotion of the temporal, and especially the spiritual, interests of the inhabitants of Kingswood, and its vicinity, where her early days were spent. After the death of her venerated parent she removed to Westbury, where, in the bosom of her beloved family, she resided until the summons, peculiarly sudden and afflictive, was issued-" Come up hither." That she has entered into the "joy of her Lord," whom she so sincerely followed on earth, is the only and best consolation of the many sorrowing friends whom she has left behind.-Gent. Maz. C. E. F. WEYSE.-In 1842-At Copenhagen, aged sixty-eight, Christopher Ernst Frederik Weyse, the master Composer of the North of Europe. He was born at Altona, in 1774, of indigent but respectable parents; his mother was well known in that town for her performances on the piano, and his grandfather, the Cantor at the parochial church, gave him his first musical lessons; his stepfather, however, destined him for the counting-house, and had the mortification of finding him most unqualified for the task. In the autumn of 1789 young Weyse landed at Copenhagen, provided merely with a few letters of introduction; one was for the leader of the Royal Orchestra, Schultz, a man of talent and merit, whose compositions were at the time much | by scientific composers. Always original, and still admired, and Weyse won his heart at their first in-plain, every idea is expressed in the most correct terview, by improvising a pianoforte fantasia, on and beautiful way. one of Schultz's airs. After a short time, Weyse Why these oratorios at least, so easily accessible, received an appointment to his taste, that of organ- so congenial to our Protestant feelings, have not yet ist to the church of St. Peter, in which he had full attained their due celebrity throughout Protestant time for the study of counterpoint and composition. Europe, it is not difficult to explain. The reason The works of Sebastian Bach and Gluck were the is obvious to those who knew Weyse, and the charfoundation of his studies. In 1799, the Allgemeine acter of his compositions. He was far in advance musikalische Zeitung made mention of Weyse in of his time, and his greatest works were, in conthe following terms: "He is one of the first per- sequence, understood only by a comparatively formers on the piano now existing; in his fantasias small band of true admirers, and not accessible to he unites the science of Bach to the inexhaustible the superficial and uncultivated minds of the great genius of Mozart; if he can succeed in reaching the mass of hearers and players of music. Then, too, taste of the latter, the art cannot be carried to greater Weyse had such an utter contempt for popularityperfection. Of his masterly compositions, we have hunting, that he neglected availing himself of any yet only seen a collection of sonatas, his great sym- means whatever to become known out of that narphonies not having found a publisher, notwithstand-row but enthusiastic circle where his affections ing they have been offered without regard to com-centered. He composed, not to create a name for pensation or emolument." himself, nor with the least idea of lucre, but because With his studies of music Weyse united at that he could not do otherwise. He was entirely lyric time those of philosophy, astronomy, medicine, and in his sacred music, and but very seldom has given the languages. Even poetry was successfully culti-it an epic, and still less a dramatic character; vated by him; but whilst thus engaged, an unfor- whereas, all other composers have almost exclutunate attachment threw him into a state of melan- sively chosen the two latter in their great compocholy which lasted for years. He was roused from sitions of Protestant Church-music: witness F. his despondency by hearing Mozart's "Don Juan" Schneider's "Weltgericht," Beethoven's "Christ (in 1807), and seriously betook himself to compos- on the Mount of Olives," Mendelssohn's "Paul," ing for the stage; Oehlenschlager supplied him with Handel's "Messiah," Spohr's "Fall of Babylon,” a text, and Weyse gave full vent to his genius in the the dramatic nature of which causes them to be comic opera, The Sleeping Draught," which has generally considered as unfit for the Church, and as been given with continual success at the Copenha- too profane ever to be allowed to form part of our gen Opera since 1809; and in the exquisite romantic worship.-Athenæum. operas, "Faruk" and "Ludlam's Cave," the latter of which might easily be transferred to the English stage. Weyse became the father of the romantic opera in Denmark. Till then the influence of Gluck and Mozart had not been felt, although Copenhagen possessed composers of much merit and originality, as Schultz and Kuntzen. For this Weyse paved the way, and his dramatic genius seemed to culminate in his music to Shakspere's BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES. "Macbeth" (1817), a subject worthy of his poetic The Statutes of the Fourth General Council of La mind. Amongst his later dramatic works may be mentioned his "Floribella" (1825), "Kenilworth" (1832), and an operetta, full of spirit and beauty, entitled, "An Adventure in the Garden of Rosenberg," the subject being a comic love-intrigue in a favorite public garden of Copenhagen. As a dramatic composer, Weyse became very popular in his own country, and his lyric songs are not less admirable and admired for their simplicity and sweetness. They are now universally sung in schools, and by the people throughout the country. Notwithstanding his great productiveness during almost half a century, every one of his compositions, even the smallest and most whimsical (of which not a few exist), bears witness to his correctness and excellence in handling his subject, and to the high estimation in which he held the science of music. teran, recognized and established by subsequent THE third canon of this council has long been an object of controversy, though the battle has not been fought precisely upon that ground. By its decrees all persons convicted of heresy were to be delivered for capital punishment to the temporal rulers, whose backwardness in punishing them was to be chastised by the release of the vassals from homage and fealty, and by bestowing their possessions on others who would obey the injunction more readily. In order to evade the charge of persecution, drawn from this canon, it has been argued, that the acts of the council have not the character of decrees, but are merely constitutions of Pope But the branch of composition in which he at- Innocent III. and this representation has been too tained the greatest perfection, and which more than easily acquiesced in on the other side. Mr. Evans any other is destined to carry his fame to posterity, has therefore undertaken a new and important line and to place him, sooner or later, by the side of of research, to show that their decretory character Handel and his predecessors, the old Italian masters, is recognized by a succession of Councils and was that of sacred music. In his compositions of Synods. The Council itself was held in 1215, and this class he has broken through all conventional its acts are specifically referred to as "Statuta Conbarriers, and created what may be called a truly cilii Lateranensis IV." by the Council of Arles in Protestant style. His "Ambrosian Chant," a Pro-1234, including the third or persecuting canon. testant transformation of the "Te Deum Lauda- They are quoted in even an earlier document, the mus" of St. Ambrose, his "Pentecost," and Easter constitutions of Richard Poore, bishop of Sarum, in oratorios, his "Sacrifice of Jesus," his "Oratorio in 1223, as is evident from the phrase, in Lateran. celebration of the Reformation," and a host of Concilio statutum est. From that period to the others, may be heard and studied repeatedly, even | Council of Trent there is a chain of similar authori 'absolute' that should be indifferent to subject and object, and from which both should be developed. He gave the hint of the first truly logical beginning, but he never constructed a complete philosophical system, and he never will.-Foreign Quarterly Review. 2. Die Theogonie, Philosophie und Kosmogonie der ties; and even if there were not, the language of that assembly would thenceforth substantiate them, 66 per Laternuense Concilium Ecclesia statuit.' (Sessio xiv. cap. 5.) To this it may be added, that they are cited by the Synod of Lambeth, held in 1556, at which Cardinal Pole presided, as the preface distinctly maintains "the decrees of the General Council celebrated under Innocent III." It has been further argued, that the third canon is wanting in the Mazarine MS.; but the fact is, that the leaf which contained a portion of it is wanting, so that it is imperfect, the deficiency having been occasioned by mutilation. Some writers have regarded the canon as only directed against the AlbiThis is a German translation from the Swedish, geois; but, though that persecuted community mayambassador from Sweden to this country), whose made under the superintendence of the author (the have been intended, the language is too general to be restricted to them: "Excommuniamus et anathematizamus omnem hæresiem." The abstract we have thus given will serve to convince our readers of the value of the book, as illustrating and confirming a most important point in ecclesiastical his-synopsis of a subject so vast in extent, and so intory.-Gentleman's Magazine. von Germany. work on the British empire in India has appeared in an English garb. If the present work does not much extend the sphere of our positive knowledge, it is nevertheless a very useful and interesting tricate in detail. By way of specimen we proceed to give an epitome of the author's remarks on Buddhism, a subject on which much error has often been displayed with a great deal of pretension. Many of the count's remarks on this topic are very curious and striking, and some, we believe, are novel. The whole number of those who profess the Buddhist creed cannot be computed at less than 380 millions. If to these we add the 200 millions of Brahma's followers in India, we find that more than half the human race (the latter amounting to 1000 millions in round numbers) belongs to these two branches of one primitive religion. The opinion propounded by Joinville and some Brahmaism, is altogether unfounded, and is confuted by the best Hindoo authorities. Neither is the origin of Buddhism to be ascribed to a single founder, but to several successive reformers, the Husses, Luthers, and Calvins of Brahmaism, who arose in India and the neighboring countries during many centuries preceding the birth of Christ, and who received from their adherents the surname of Buddha, i. e. godly or holy man. 1. Schelling: Karl Rosenkranz. Danzig Gerhard, 1843. If we give but a very brief notice of this highly interesting course of lectures, it is not because we have lightly skimmed over them, but because we shall probably, on some future occasion, give a general review of the Schelling and Hegel controversy, in which event they would form one of our textbooks. In the meanwhile, having carefully read them through, we state our opinion that M. Rosenkranz, who is a well known Hegelian, has succeed-other orientalists, that Buddhism is older than ed in putting Schelling in the worst possible position, by means the fairest that could be devised. The lectures are not essentially polemic: Rosenkranz scarcely in any instance opens a direct attack: but he gives an account of the whole of Schelling's philosophical career, taking him book by book, in the chronological order of publication, to the time of his accepting the professorship at Berlin. Then he leaves him: for Schelling has been cautious enough to print nothing since he took the chair he at present holds, and if any one else speaks for him he is ready at a moment's warning to declare that he has been misunderstood. Without intrenching on the lines of his new fortification, M. Rosenkranz has ample opportunity to lower the estimation in which Schelling may be held, by directing his attention solely to works that bear Schelling's name, and pointing out the phases of his career. And a pretty figure does poor Schelling cut, when all the treatises that he wrote from about 1790 to 1834 are marshalled before him! We find a man spoiled by over-success in his youth; committing a series of the most glaring inconsistencies; and still professing that he has but one system. We find him making promises of further developments that he never performed; we find him wantonly changing his phraseology at every step; we find him recklessly picking up all sorts of discoveries in science and archeology, endeavoring to fit them to his own system, and then obliged to make a forget of it; we find him loosely drawing large conclusions from the most insufficient premises; we find him mistaking fancy for reason; we find him ungenerous to his early friend Hegel :-in a word, if we would give a picture of a truly unphilosophical character we would say, look at Schelling! In his early days he had a great thought. He broke through the one-sided subjectivity of Fichte, and proclaimed an The methaphysics of the Buddhists differs from that of the Brahmaists in this, that the god of the latter pervades and animates all nature, whereas the Buddhist god, like the epicurean, rests in perfect quietism, takes no heed of human affairs; but, having once for all set them in motion, leaves them to pursue their course without interference or control. But as such a doctrine as this could not satisfy the natural longings of the human soul, for some object on which it may repose its trust, and to which it may address its wishes and its prayer, the people are further taught to believe that men of extraordinary piety and self-denial have appeared from time to time on earth, and have been, on account of their distinguished worth, translated after death to a state of higher bliss. That bliss, however, is nothing more than freedom from all care or sorrow, just as bodily health is merely freedom from all disease. These meritorious and favored mortals are the Buddhas, who are worshipped next after the divine triad. Twenty-two of them have already appeared on earth, and more are expected. The most recent of them is Fo, (Fudh, Budh,) who founded Buddhism in China, under the reign of Ming-ty of the Han dynasty, about the time of the birth of Christ. The characteristics of Buddhism may be briefly described as a monkish asceticism in morals, and a philosophical skepticism in religion. The Buddhists in Tibet, China, Mongolia, and Corea, have |