There is no fixed proportion existing between the Infantry and Cavalry officers supplied from the Military Academies, and those entering regiments directly as cadets, but it is understood that the former do not amount to more than one-twentieth or one-thirtieth of the latter.

The Artillery and Engineers are now entirely supplied with officers from the Military Academies.

There is no difference in the pay of officers of the same rank in the various arms in Austria.

Officers when not required are placed on half-pay, which is rather less than the half of their actual pay whilst serving. When an officer dies, his widow is not entitled to a pension, but the state provides for the education of the children; and to prevent distress, an officer is not permitted to marry unless he has a certain income, independent of his pay, for the maintenance of his wife.

The promotion in the Infantry and Cavalry is regimental, and usually by seniority; but there is no doubt that promotion by selec tion also takes place, though not in the regiment itself, the officer selected being promoted into another regiment. The promotion in the Artillery and Engineers is also by seniority, and by corps, and, until the Hungarian war, was exceedingly slow.

Although not actually sanctioned by the authorities, cases have occurred in the Austrian service where officers have purchased steps from others serving in different regiments to themselves in the following manner:-if any officer is about to retire from the service, the promotion in the regiment being by seniority, the officer whose turn it would be to obtain the promotion would frequently sell his right to a junior officer serving in another regiment, who would thus be promoted into the vacancy. We were informed that this system had formerly led to frequent duels between the officer obtaining the promotion, and those officers in the regiment whose prospects were directly injured, by the senior having sold his promotion, and thus stopped their advancement.

II. OUTLINE OF SYSTEM OF MILITARY EDUCATION.

Military education in Austria has been entirely remodeled since the Hungarian war, and is now conducted in a very regular and systematic manner under the sole control and supervision of the Fourth Section of the Supreme War Department, entitled "Military Schools."

The establishment consists besides of

2 Majors of Infantry.

1 Captain of Artillery.

2 Captains of Infantry.

2 Lieutenants of Infantry.

2 Employés belonging to the Administration.
6 Clerks.

6 Messengers.

To show the great importance of the Fourth Section, it will only be necessary to state that the disbursements of the government for Military Education in Austria for the current year are estimated at £281,440, (2,814,400 florins,) without taking into consideration the sums contributed for foundations by provinces, districts, and private individuals, or of those received for the education of paying students. This sum of 2,814,400 florins is apportioned in the following manner

So that the annual cost to the state for the education of an officer student, cadet, non-commissioned officer, and boy in these various schools is as follows:

A Non-Commissioned Officer at the Teachers' School,.
A Boy at the Upper Houses of Education,.

28 6 0

29 14 0

Lower 66

And thus, as the course of instruction is continued for four years in the Cadet Houses, four years in the Academies, and two years in the Staff School, the cost of training the Officers in the Austrian Army is

From the Bureau of this Section at Vienna all orders for the management, maintenance, discipline, studies, and regulation of the various Schools and Academies are issued; and all details relating to the progress of the several students and the results of their examinations are periodically sent and regularly examined.

THE IMPERIAL INSTITUTIONS FOR MILITARY EDUCATION.*

The Imperial institutions for Military Education, are divided into Three Classes. They are

A. Such Institutions as are immediately intended for the education of pupils as Non-commissioned Officers; namely,

(1.) The Lower Military Houses of Education.
(2.) The Upper Military Houses of Education.
(3.) The School Companies.

B. Institutions in which it is intended to educate pupils as Officers; namely,

(1.) The Cadet Institutions.

(2.) The Military Academies.

*The following account is translated from "Die Kaiserlich-Königlichen Militär-BildungsAnstalten, mit besonderer Rücksicht auf die Vorschriften für den Eintritt in dieselben, Zusammengestellt aus den allerhöchst sanctionirten Reglements der Militär-Bildungs-Anstalten. Wien, 1854." (The Imperial Military Institutions for Education, with special reference to the conditions required for admission, compiled from the regulations sanctioned by His Majesty. Vienna, 1854.)

C. Such Institutions as partly give a special kind of instruction, and partly complete and carry out the previous education of Officers. These are

(1.) The Institution for Military Teachers.

(2.) The Higher Course for the Artillery and Engineers.

(3.) The War School.

In the institutions of the first and second class, education as well as instruction is given, but those of the third class are limited to instruction; accordingly, all that is said in the following pages with regard to the admission of pupils, and with regard to beneficial foundations, has no reference to institutions of the third class.

Although each of the first-named classes forms a complete whole in itself, yet they stand in close mutual relation to each other, inasmuch as the most distinguished pupils of the Lower Houses of Education pass into the Cadet Institutions; and in the same way the most distinguished scholars of the Scientific* School Companies, viz., those of the Artillery, Engineers, Pioneers, Flotilla, and Marine Schools, may be transferred as attendant pupilst to the Academies; by this means they may obtain a right to a position in the Army as Officers.

So, on the other hand, insufficient progress may be a reason for scholars being removed from the Cadet Institutions and the Academies into the Upper Houses of Education and the School Companies.

By these regulations a road is opened for the advancement of any talent that may gradually develop itself; and at the same time the pupils of the Institutions for Higher Military Education are submitted to that process of elimination which is requisite for the success of these Institutions.

The pupils in the Institutions for Military Education are either foundation pupils, or paying pupils; the first are divided into the

* Techniche (technical) is the original word. Compare its use in another matter; there are in the Artillery two services, the ordinary Campaigning Artillery and the Technical Artillery.

Frequentanten, who frequent, attend, or visit the school.

Stiftlinge, foundationers, and Zahlende, paying pupils, the first divided into, (1.) MilitärArarial foundationers, who are, as a rule, sons of Soldiers and Officers, and are maintained at the expense of the Military Treasury, the Arar, or Ærarium; (2.) Provincial foundationers, who are maintained by the interest of lands or money granted in favor of young men belonging to some particular province, Bohemia, Gallicia, the Tyrol, Upper or Lower Aus tria, either by the Central Government (the State,) or by the Estates or Parliament (Stände) of the province; (3.) Private foundationers, under which name are included not only those maintained by moneys left by private individuals, but those also whose payments come from grants made by municipal and local corporations.

military or treasury foundation pupils, and the provincial and private foundation pupils.

The military or treasury places belong to the army; the claim for these depends upon the nature of the institution and the position of the parents. As a general rule, it may be laid down that children of officers are expected to remain up to eleven years of age under the care of their parents, whereas those of common soldiers may in the eighth year of their age be taken under the protection of the State.

The provincial foundations are bestowed upon the sons of the nobility, or of distinguished employés of the state belonging to the crown lands of the province. Private foundations are those established by private individuals or corporations, and the appointment to these depends upon the conditions laid down by the founder. The capital or property of these foundations is generally administered by the Supreme War Department.*

Every Austrian subject may claim admission as a paying pupil, if the other conditions of admission are fulfilled in his case.

In the Lower Houses of Education there are only military or treasury places.

In the Upper Houses of Education there are 1,800 military places; the remaining 600 are filled up by pupils upon provincial or private foundations, and by paying pupils.

In the School Companies the number of the foundation places and paying places is not fixed.

In the Cadet Institutions and the Academies there are 900 full and 200 half military places, and 520 places for pupils on provincial and private foundations, and for paying pupils.tes

A sum to cover the expenses is fixed in the case of the pupils on the provincial and private foundations, as also for the paying pupils, amounting in the Houses of Education and in the School Companies to 150 florins (157.) per annum; in the Cadet Houses to 400 florins (407.) per annum; in the Academies 600 florins (60%.) for each of the three first years, and 800 florins (807.) for the last year. These payments will be subject to modifications, at considerable intervals of time, according to the price of articles of consumption, and will be drawn in the case of the pupils on the provincial foundations

* The Ober-Militär Commando, or Commandership-in-chief, the Fourth Section of which has the charge of Military Education. Commando is the German word corresponding to Commander, as Ministry does to Minister, and may signify one or more persons, a single Officer, or a Board of Commissioners.

↑ Making a total of 1,620, to which may be added about 80, reserved for Frequentanten from the School Companies.