66 we are a fusillades on defenseless men, and the scourg- | juster knowledge of the merits of the Hunings of delicate women, of the Austrians. garian war-a struggle not only for the preTo return to our general view of the strat-servation of venerable institutions, but one in egetical divisions of the Hungarian army, we which are involved the personal liberties of find further south a strong force in the direc- nine millions of men. tion of the Banat, to check the Serbians. From the left wing of the Hungarian centre, 17,000 men under Perczel acted in the direction of Styria and Croatia. Another corps of 18,000 were sent under Blagowic and Casimir Bathyany in the direction of Sclavonia and Sirmia. Lastly, 15,000 men under the command of Colonel Kiss, dispatched against the great centre of the Serb revolt, the fortress of St. Thomas. This outline chart of the division of the army may perhaps aid the reader in following out the details of the brilliant movements chronicled by the newspapers during the last two or three months-movements which have given Hungary possession of Transylvania, with a great additional strength to the army, the Banat, and many strong and important fortresses in that quarter; which have enabled her to beat back the Ban from Kekskemet, were and enabled the defensive force to unite with Gorgey. In the north, a series of successes has established the Hungarian position. But we cannot describe the movements in detail, for they would fill a volume; nor can we speak of the well-fought fields of Kapolna, and Gyöngyös, nor of Hatvar, nor of the crowning success in the storming of Waitzen. On the 21st of May, the victorious Hungarians captured and re-entered Buda. Three words, in imitation of the three-worded dispatch of Cæsar, "Hurrah! Buda! Gorgey!" announced the victory. And so falls the curtain on Austrian chivalry, to rise again when the energies of the Hungarian nation are called to defend their country from the inroads of the Czar and his hosts. We have travelled far in the field of Hungarian history, and led the reader through many stirring and changeful scenes. Let us hope that we have contributed to promote a "Now let us be judged!" says Count Tekeli, in the eloquent and masterly statement he has published in the name of his country, free and independent people; we are restored to our original liberty by the violation of the charter which united us to the Austrian dynasty, and we repel by force of arms the foreigner who attempts to enslave us. flag of liberty and progress in the east of Europe. Our crime is having unfurled the It is to punish us for this, and overturn what we have built up, that several armies at a time are directed against us. As conquerors our object civilization, to defend the principles we have reswill be for the future, as the advance-guard of to Europe the pain of seeing the people retrogradcued as conquered, for expiation, we shall leave ing towards the darkness of the past; and Russian absolutism, which every day extends its bounds, raise itself above our ruins, in order subsequently to overthrow liberty in the west. For it is only in passing over us, that the Cossacks will fulfil the prophecy of Napoleon. This thought animates us as we descend into the array of battle. We feel that we are, for a portion of the. world, the champions of liberty; that all that is noble and generous ought to fight with us. Our national history tells us what blood our fathers have heretofore shed for the safety of Europe. We are prepared for the same sacrifices, and we glory in seeing our country, now as then, fering. Confident in the sanctity of our cause, we serving the cause of civilization, even by her sufaccept the war that is declared against us, which we have not provoked. May Providence decide the victory!" What will be the final result of this great battle of liberty, it is not within the narrow bounds of human power to estimate. But it is evident that we are approaching one of the alternative political results predicted by Napoleon-republican institutions, or the dominion of the Cossack. From the Quarterly Review. LYELL'S SECOND VISIT TO THE UNITED STATES. A Second Visit to the United States, in the years 1845-6. By Sir CHARLES LYELL. 2 vols. 1849. [The liberal and candid tone of the following article is in such striking contrast with that which has hitherto usually characterized Tory criticisms upon our national character and customs, as to be quite worthy of note.-Ed.] command the interest of the ordinary reader in a much higher degree than his former valuable tour, which we can take some shame to ourselves for not having reviewed in this Journal.* Not only do the author's peculiar pursuits occupy in proportion much less space, but the scientific part, without being condescendingly popular, from his perfect mastery of his topics and the lively perspicuity of his style, has the rare merit of making the most abstruse discussions intelligible, we cannot but think even attractive, if not to the absolutely uninitiate, to those who have but slight elementary acquaintance with this new philosophy. If on the other grave questions with which Sir Charles Lyell, in the strong curiosity of an active and ardent mind, delights to grapple, his judgments do not always obtain our assent, they command our respect for their honesty, calmness, and moderation. If from the natural bias of his mind, predisposed and kindled by the wonderful revelations of his own science to the utmost speculative freedom and boldness, from gratitude for the more than generous hospitality which he everywhere met with, from the honor paid to his philosophical pursuits, the universal acceptance which he encountered in all parts of the land, he is inclined to take a favorable view of American institutions and American life-to look forward with sanguine hope to the future of this great unprecedented experiment in political society; there is, nevertheless, no blind flattery, no courteous reticence of that which is socially dangerous or disagreeable, if not worse, in THIS is very pleasant and at the same | Sir Charles Lyell's present volumes will time very instructive reading. Sir Charles Lyell ranges with great ease, liveliness, and rapidity over an infinite variety of subjects, religious, scientific, political, social-from the most profound inquiries into the structure of the immense continent of North America, and the institutions, the resources, the destiny of the mighty nation which is spreading over it with such unexampled activity, down to the lightest touches of transatlantic character and manners. Now we are discussing the grooves and indentations which the icebergs have left, as they grated over the rocks, when great part of Canada and the United States formed the bottom of an unfathomed ocean; we are taking measure of the enormous coal-fields, as large as most European kingdoms, which promise to be the wealth and strength of this great federation; or we are calculating the thousands of years before man became an inhabitant of our planet, when the Mississippi began to accumulate its delta. We are now amusing ourselves among the every-day topics of American steamboats and railroads, with incidental anecdotes of the language, habits, modes of feeling in the various races and classes or conditions of American citizens; we may almost see the growth of cities springing into existence, we trust under happier auspices, as in a more genial clime, but hardly less rapidly, than that which Milton describes as "rising like an exhalation." We are discussing the exhausted Oregon question, the inexhaustible Slavery question; even to the Millerites, a set of fanatical impostors and dupes, who sat up in their winding-sheets, or in more becoming white robes, awaiting, on the night of October 23, 1844, the dissolution of this world and all its geology. *The former tour was made in 1841-2, and the account of it (2 vols.) published in 1845. This ought to be at hand while one reads the new book. the result of those institutions or in the pre- | Past, sweep away her throne, her aristovailing character of that life. The work cracy, and her church; dismantle her Windmay at once enlighten and render us more sor, demolish her Alnwicks, and Chatsjust and fair on our side of the Atlantic; worths, and Belvoirs, and Blenheims, and on the other side, by the strong predomin- Hatfields; break up her cathedrals into ance of good will, by the total absence of congregational churches-than America, acrimony, though now and then there is a when the inevitable day of her independence touch of sly, perhaps involuntary satire, (in was come, could have vested her presidency some of the quiet anecdotes there is a sin- in an hereditary line of sovereigns, or atgular force and poignancy,) it may afford tempted to create an aristocracy without matter for serious reflection to the thought- descent, wealth, traditionary names, or those ful and dispassionate, and force or win some great professional fortunes and distinctions, to sober thought who are in danger of or fortunes and distinctions from public sersurrendering themselves to the unsafe guid- vices, which are the popular element conance of passion, jealousy, or national vanity. stantly renewing our aristocracy. This subWe cannot but hail with satisfaction any- ject-"this great much injured name"thing which may tend to promote the mu- the aristocracy of England, with its influtual harmony and good will of the great ence, we have long wished to see treated Anglo-Saxon race, on whom, at present at with the fullness, the freedom, the philosoleast, seems to depend the cause of order, phic impartiality of M. de Tocqueville's civilization, and religion. celebrated work on the Democracy of America; but we confess that among the most profound, as among the more empiric or ignorant continental writers, including among the former M. de Tocqueville himself-even among the most enlightened Americansthere seems so complete an incapacity of comprehending its real nature and bearings, that we almost despair of the fulfilment of our earnest desire. Yet, so long as such a work is wanting a work developing and illustrating worthily the profound and real meaning of a phrase which with most writers conveys but a vulgar and utterly erroneous reproach-we take the freedom to say that no political writer can judge, with the least justice, the absolute necessity of our present institutions to our political and social wellbeing; nay, the fact, that while the slow, and gradual, and inevitable expansion of those institutions in their own spirit and in their own principles is their one safeguard, a revolution which would shatter them to the earth would, in Europe at least, throw back for ages the civilization, the order, the social happiness of mankind. We might then seek in far western realms old English institutions under totally different circumstances, growing out into the laws and usages of orderly and of happy republics; we might find our laws, our language, our letters renewing their youth under new social forms. As we may now, we might perhaps for centuries. contrast North America with South America-the grave legislative assemblies of New York or Pennsylvania with the lawless bands in Monte Video or Paraguay, which rise one day to power and have disappeared the next-the great system of We write with fear and trembling when, amid this universal breaking up of the fountains of human affairs, we dwell on the stability of any political institutions. The Almighty might seem to have written on the crystal arch of the all-seen heavens, or rather on the crumbling walls of earthly palaces, for all mankind to read, the simple Apostolic axiom, "Be not high-minded, but fear." It is in no spirit of boasting, therefore, but in humble gratitude to the Supreme Disposer of all things, that we refuse to close our eyes upon this inevitable fact. So far as the world as yet has shownpartly, perhaps, from some innate national idiosyncrasy, but far more from its slow and gradual training, its widely ramified and universal scheme of self-government, the growth of its laws and polity out of its character, the strengthening of its character in congeniality and in attachment to its laws and polity-the Anglo-Saxon race alone seems gifted with the power of building up for duration free institutions in the two majestic forms of an ancient constitutional monarchy and of a new federal republic. To each its station has manifestly been appointed by irrepealable laws, and by the force of uncontrollable circumstances. England, in the nature of things, could no more have become could no more become a flourishing republic, than America could have started as a dignified monarchy. England could no more, with safety, without endangering all that is her pride, her glory, and her strength, even her existence-without hazarding her wealth, her culture, her place among the nations-break with the "In September, 1848, one of my London friends sent a message by telegraph to Liverpool, which reached Boston by mail-steamer via Halifax in electric telegraph to New Orleans in one day, the twelve days, and was sent on immediately by answer returning to Boston the day after. Three days were then lost in waiting for the steampacket, which conveyed the message back to England in twelve days, so that the reply reached London on the twenty-ninth day from the send education established in Massachusetts, | Boston is now fourteen days. Here is somewhere the whole community cheerfully sub- thing still more startling: mits to a very heavy taxation to secure the intellectual and religious advancement of every order, even the lowest of the citizens, with the anarchy of Peru and Mexico, where to judge from some recent travellers, (Mr. Ruxton in Mexico, or Dr. Von Tchudi in Peru,) the land would hardly lose in peacefulness, or in intelligence and cultivation, if it were resumed by the Indian tribes. We might with deep and reverential sorrow acknowledge the truth of Bishop Berke-ing of the question; the whole distance being ley's famous prophecy as to the western course of empire and civilization-a prophecy which we will not believe so long as our throne and our three estates maintain their ancient authority. Enough, perhaps too much of this; more especially since, while we attend our accomplished traveller in his wanderings over almost the whole continent of North America, we shall be perpetually reminded at once of those points of kindred and sympathy which arise out of our common descent of the contrasts and differences which spring from the different forms taken by institutions primarily of the same origin, but developed under different auspices when we shall behold the strange, striking, and amusing juxtaposition of the European life of Boston or New York, with the savage squattings in the far West; the inflexible law, which the sovereign people, even while we write, are vindicating against a furious mob by the right royal argument of files of soldiers and discharges of musket-balls-to the law of Judge Lynch, which the Borderers assured Sir Charles he would duly respect as his best, his necessary protection, if he were to settle among themselves. This consummation, indeed, they seemed to consider the necessary consequence, as it could be the sole object, of travelling so far westward. Sir C. Lyell left England as far back as Sept. 4, 1845, in one of those magnificent steam-ships which have, as it were, bridged the Atlantic; and have brought Halifax, and even Boston, almost as much within the reach of London as Dublin was in the earlier part of this century. We have heard a retired Home Secretary of the old school say, that in his active days, between the transmission of a dispatch and an answer received from the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, owing to adverse winds on both sides of the channel, several weeks had been known to elapse. The average passage to more than 10,000 miles, which had been traversed at an average rate exceeding 350 miles a day."—vol. i. p. 244, Another singular contrast suggests itself to Sir Charles; his noble vessel, the Britannia, was of 1200 tons burden; the first discoverers of America committed themselves to the unknown ocean in barks, one not above 15, Frobisher in two vessels of 20 or 25 tons; Sir Humphrey Gilbert in one of 10 tons only. Sir Charles had the great good fortune—a good fortune which can only be duly appreciated by those who know how important a part the glacier theory fills in modern geology-to behold, and at safe distance, one of those gigantic icebergs which warp slowly down the Atlantic: he could judge, to a certain extent by ocular demonstration, how far those mighty masses, "voyaging in the greatness of their strength," might achieve all the wonders now assigned to them-the transthe hardest rocks, the transplantation of the port of enormous boulders, the furrowing of seeds of arctic or antarctic vegetation. On his return home he had the advantage of a nearer view, and detected a huge iceberg, the base of which towards the steamer covered 600 feet, actually conveying two pieces of rock, not indeed of any very great dimensions, to be deposited somewhere at the bottom of the sea, a long way to the south. Yet, after all, modern philosophers are prudent and unenthusiastic compared to those of old. He who Insiluit," -"ardentem frigidus Ætnam is said to have been urged to his awful leap, either by the desire of knowing more, or despair at his knowing nothing, of the causes of volcanic action. We do not read of Sir Charles Lyell, nor do we hear of any other more self-devoted geologist, desiring to be left, as some melancholy bears sometimes are, on one of these majestically-moving and tardily-melting islands, as on an exploring | strong desire, almost the necessity, of extendvoyage to test the powers and follow out the slow workings of these great geological agents. Sir Charles was no stranger in Bostonthough Boston, from its great improvement in handsome buildings during but three years, was in some degree new to him. BeBefore his first journey to the United States an invitation to read a course of lectures in that city had happily fallen in with his own desire to explore the geology of North America. One of those munificent donations for the promotion of intellectual culture, to their honor now becoming of frequent occurrence -particularly in the Northern States-had excited the laudable ambition of the conductors of the "Lowell Institute" to obtain aid from some of the most distinguished philosophers in Europe; and if we may judge from the eager curiosity, as well as from the intelligent behavior of the audiences which assembled to hear the author of the "Prin ing their knowledge to kindred branches of natural philosophy; but they are likewise men of keen observation, quickened intelligence, extensive information on all general subjects. It must be of inestimable use to the traveller to be thrown at once under the guidance of such persons; instead of being entirely dependent, at best, on chance letters of introduction, on the casual acquaintance of the steamboat, the railway-carriage, or the table d'hôte, (though, of course, much that is amusing and characteristic may be gleaned by the clever and communicative tourist from these sources, and, well weighed and winnowed, may assist in judgments on graver subjects)-or, last and worst of all, on the professional guide or lacquey-de-place. Nor is it only in cities like Boston, in meetings held in that capital of American geologists, that Sir Charles Lyell finds a zealous interest in his own inquiries, as well as society calculated to give him sound views on the state and prospects of the country. It is remarkable that in the most remote and untravelled quarters of the spacious land— on the edge of the wilderness-even within the primeval forest, where men have just hewn themselves out room for a few dwellings-he encounters persons familiar with his own works, who are delighted to accompany him on his expeditions, and to make an honorable exchange of their own local observations for the more profound and comprehensive theories, the larger and universal knowledge, of a great European master of the science. Of course, now and then, he will fall in with admirers of his science. rather solicitous to turn it to practical than to philosophical advantage-men who would not be sorry to have the name of the famous geologist as at least encouraging the hope of ciples of Geology," this munificence is not wasted on an ungrateful soil. The tickets were given gratuitously to the number of 4500. The class usually attending amounted to above 3000. It was necessary, therefore, to divide them into two classes, and to repeat in the evening the lecture of the morning. Among my hearers were persons of both sexes, of every station in society-from the most affluent and eminent in the various learned professions, to the humblest mechanics—all well-dressed, and observing the utmost decorum." (First Tour, vol. i. p. 108.) The scientific traveller, indeed, enjoys peculiar advantages. Throughout the civilized world he is welcomed at once by persons of kindred minds and congenial pursuits these being in Europe sometimes of the highest rank and position-everywhere of superior education and intelligence. The man of sci-finding coal or valuable minerals on certain ence may be but a man of science-his entire mind narrowed to one study-his conversation on one subject; the whole talk of a zoologer may be of Mammalia and Mollusks -of Ornithorhynchi Paradoxi and the last of the Dodos; the botanist may be but a "culler of simples;" even the geologist may have such a mole-like vision for that which is under the earth as to see nothing upon it -he may seem to despise everything not pre-Adamitic-his vocabulary may not go beyond greywacke, eocene and meiocene, ichthyosauri and plesiosauri. But these are the rare exceptions-the hermits and devotees of an exclusive study. Far more usually men of science are not merely under the lands, the value of which would rise thereby in the market with the rapidity once possessed by railway shares. A geological Dousterswivel would find plenty of victims -or Face would be content to agree with Subtle for a full share in the vast profits of such "smart" transactions. We have heard of advances of this kind, only prevented from becoming more explicit, only crushed in the bud, by certain unmistakable signs of impracticability, of an unapproachable dignity of honor and honesty, which even awed such men. But-besides and beyond the facilities thus afforded to Sir C. Lyell for his more complete geological survey of the land-our knowledge of the intimate footing on which |