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pons is to be found about the Lake-steatite in abundance--Lake Huron slate in large deposits not far away, besides sandstone, granite and slate. The deposits of the latter being particularly fine.

The Rideau is five or six feet higher than it was in a state of nature, owing to the work of building the canal, and as that depth of water would cover many yards of shore, there must be a large amount of valuable material hidden from our sight.

Spear and arrow points were the most numerous among the specimens and were of the usual variety as to shape and material. A large number of spear points, commonly so called, are just as likely to have been knives. They were provided with notches, for fastening the weapon to a handle, but in some cases one side was nearly straight and the other curved. If they had been intended as spear heads one would expect both sides to be alike. This can not be regarded as altogether accidental, for the more specimens one studies the less apt one becomes to regard a certain form as an accident in making. The Indian workman did not resemble the modern one in one particular. He was not conventional. He followed no set rule. No two specimens can be found exactly alike, and it cannot be because he did not desire to make them so. For the workman who can, with another stone shape a piece of rude flint into a weapon so perfect as an arrow or spear could also produce two or more exactly alike.

It shows that effect was sought from the first and with other evidence proves the directness of the savage mind.

Many spear heads were found near the water's edge and were no doubt used on a long handle for spearing fish. One feature of these was that so many of them were broken transversely at about an inch from the notches. Can this be because the handle was split and each side extended along the spear head making a point of least resistance? It is quite possible that these spears may have been used for the purpose of spearing through the ice mink, musk-rat, beaver and

otter.

The arrows were more numerous than any other specimens, and were generally of the elongated leaf pattern, but other kinds were also found. The material used in the arrows was found in abundance about the lake, flint, chert, slate etc., There were many sizes, some so large that one would hesitate to say that they could be shot with sufficient force to be effective, and yet they seem too small to be used as spears.

To us the arrow seems but a poor weapon, but it had one great advantage over the gun with its loud explosion. As it made no noise the hunter must often have been able to secure more than one chance at his prey.

A few very peculiar specimens of a flint implement were found that must be regarded as a skinning or scraping tool. They were about or of an inch in thickness, broad at the base and coming to a point at the other end, the pointed extremity being curved so that at this end one side was concave the other convex. The edges were very sharp, and by taking one between the thumb and finger the flesh or skin could be laid open as effectually as with a knife. It could readily be used as an instrument for scraping an arrow-shaft or for cleaning small particles of flesh from a skin

A few small specimens of slate were found at one place in particular on the lake, that at first were regarded as accidental until after finding several of the same kind They were about of an inch thick, and in the shape of an irregular square about one inch in size. Every edge was finished, but no effort seemed to have been made to produce a cutting edge as on other slate tools. Finding them about the lake, suggested the idea that they may have been used for scaling fish, if, indeed, the natives took that trouble in preparing fish for food.

Celts were found in abundance and variety. The majority of them were polished, but few being found of the chipped variety, the same lack of conventionalty was found among the celts as in other specimens. From the fact that so many broken celts were found, some fractured transversely, others split, leads to the conclusion that one of their uses was for striking hard substances.

From the large number of celts found and from their many different sizes, one would naturally think that this implement was a general-purpose tool about the aboriginal lodge. To those restricted to the use of few tools, this would serve many purposes, breaking or chopping ice, breaking bones to obtain the marrow, digging edible roots, detaching the bark from a tree, as a wedge to split wood, as well as being of great service in the chase or in war. Why this implement is popularly regarded as one used exclusively for skinning deer, it is dfficult to. understand.

There were a few grooved axes found. One in particular deserves mention on account of its perfection. The material is red granite, and it weighs a little under four pounds. It has a groove around it at about one third its length, and another groove running lengthwise from the base to the groove around it, being for the purpose of fastening or tightening the handle on. Its width is about

twice its thickness, and it had no cutting edge. From this fact it should no doubt, be regarded more as a hammer; the other grooved axes had well defined edges, but in no case was the groove so marked as in the granite specimen. (Fig. 41.)

Dr. Abbott, in his "Primitive Industries" speaks of grooved axes being very commonly found in New Jersey. Among the specimens found here, they were. very rare and their presence here is probably a result of barter between tribes, or possibly the result of the fortune of war, some brave from a distance being overcome and leaving his wordly goods to his conquerors. This may account for other implements found here, but made of material not to be obtained in this locality.

Gouges were secured but nothing remarkable was noticed among them. They were found, as a rule, away from the water, and this fact should have some bearing on the use they were intended for. Why some gouges were hollowed out the whole of their length, and others had but one end hollowed, is another point of interest, It certainly could not have been a matter of unconcern as the work in one case is much greater then the other. There must have been some object in producing this difference as all the work of the Indian shows a decided

purpose.

Slickstones or scrapers were quite numerous, some of slate, others of sandstone. Those of slate were very often broken, but there was generally sufficient left to show their original shape and the purpose for which they were intended.

A few drills or awls were found, one only being of bone. The flint awls were of two principal shapes, the club based, and those that resemble an arrow to some extent. From the fact that not many persons would recognize the flat drill, with its small points may account for so few being found. The attention of those in search for specimens, was called to the fact, that every stone with a worked or chipped edge was valuable, and it resulted in securing many more things than otherwise would have been found. Among the drills was one of bone, and this was the only specimen of bone obtained during the summer. It is more than likely that other bone implements were overlooked.

Comparatively few ornaments were secured. Those found were of soapstone. and slate, and were of the usual form, nothing remarkable being discovered. Part of one discoidal stone was found. Several pipes were secured, only one being in any way remarkable. This pipe, (Fig. 6) was found at Bob's Lake, over twenty years ago, and is a very perfect piece of native work. The two serpents

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55 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 17).

are accurately moulded and both possess a degree of life and expression hardly to be looked for under the circumstances. The conception must have been very clearly worked out in the savage mind, before it could take its present form.

One complete clay dish was got, and it was a splendid specimen. The ornamentation on it was of rather an ambitious kind, and must have been the work of a master hand. This dish, (fig. 2) was found some years since, by Mr. Mathew Scott, in a crack in the rock near an old beaver meadow. As to the methods used in ornamentation, it is to be hoped, that another year's work, will throw more light on the subject, by comparing a large number of specimens. From the fact that other clay dishes have been found in this county in recent years, (but which were allowed to be broken) it is confidently expected that more still may be secured and preserved.

Other localities, besides the Rideau Lake are rich in specimens.

In conclusion, it should be said that the work to be done in this section, is but fairly commenced. Quite a respectable number of specimens were secured, but they don't represent a fraction of those remaining in the county that could From the first I received the warmest be obtained with very little trouble. With scarcely an exception, all who had specimens gave support of every one. them to me for the Museum, and the Institute is under a debt of obligation to those who so generously gave up their relics, and, to me, it was a great encourge. ment to have my efforts in collecting so well received.

Not a few took more than a passing interest in the subject and were of great help in the work. To Mrs. McLaren I am most indebted for the chance of visiting many points of interest about the Rideau.

The engineer and pilot of the Geraldine-Messrs. Geo. Hone and Dick Carpenter-are enthusiastic workers and secured a large number of valuable speciTo their enthusiasm they add a degree of intelligence mens during the summer.

that has been of great help in the work.

W. J. Morris, Esq., of Perth, was also a daily help to me from his intimate knowledge of the county about here.

Mr. John S. Tullis, of Balderson, furnished me with some valuable information that I hope to make useful in time.

Others who contributed specimens are Thomas Moffat, John P. Fraser, Joseph M. Rogers, James Walker, Daniel McDonald, James Graham, J. F. Kennedy, L.D.S., Master Austin Keays, Dr. E. M. Morgan; Master Harry Morris, of Perth, Wm. Richard McLean and Master Robert McLean, of Rideau Centre Peter Campbell, Wm. H. Blair, John F. Moore, John Coutts, Mrs. Smith, Mrs. A Palmer, Cyrus Davis, George Ritchie, Charles Mackey, Matthew B. Scott, T. B Scott, James McLaren, James King, Andrew McCoy, Andrew Paul, Andrew Drummond, Mrs. R. C. Sherritt, Miles Brown and John Poole.

ADDITIONS TO THE MUSEUM.

The following is a list of the principal additions to the museum during the year.

Per Dr. T. W. Beeman, Perth :

Copper spear, with socket.-Mr. Andrew Paul.
Copper spear, with socket.-Mr. W. J. Morris.

18

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Mr. Jas. King.

2 Stone axes.-Mr. Cyrus Davis.

6 Stone axes.-Mr. Nelson Covell. Stone axe.-Dr. E. M. Morgan.

12 Stone axes.-Dr. T. W. Beeman and "Geraldine" party. 2 Iron tomahawks.-Mr. Andrew McCoy.

Quartzite arrow-tip.-Mr. Andrew Drummond.

Coarse jasper scraper.

Chert arrow-tip.

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Fragment of gypsum (worked).—
Chert arrow-head.-Mrs. Sherritt.

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Lenticular quartz specimen, roughly chipped.-Dr. T. W. Beeman.

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Stone axe, very large. Mr. Chas. Mackey.
3 Stone axes, plain. Mr. John P. Fraser.
Stone axe, grooved.-Mr. John P. Fraser.
Stone axe, Huronian slate.-

Stone axe.-Mr. J. F. Kennedy.
Stone axe.-Mr. Jas. Graham.

2 Stone axes.-Mr. Thos. Moffat.

Stone axe, part.-Mr. J. W. Borrowman.
Part of discoidal stone.-Mr. Geo. Hone.
Gouge, slate, small.—Mr. Jas. Jackson.
Stone gouge.-Mrs. Smith, Oliver's Ferry.

Stone gouge.-Mr. W. H. Blair.

Base of flat-bottomed steatite pipe.-Mr Daniel McDonald.
Gorget, slate, two holes.-Mr. Jas. Walker.

Gorget, fragment.-Mr. John P. Fraser.

Gorget, fragment-Mr. John Coutts.

Spear-head or knife, slate.-Mr. Wm. R. McLean.

Pestle, double-ended, California.-Mr. Chas. Mackey.

Opalescent quartz arrow-head, Dakota.-Mrs. Peter McLaren.

2 small knife-like flints.-Mr. Thos. Moffat.

Broken pipe-tomahawk.-Mr. Chas. Mackey.

Specimens of arrow-heads.-Messrs. Matthew Scott, Thos. Moffat, Robert. McLean, John F. Moore, Alex. Palmer, "Geraldine" party and Dr. T. W. Beeman. Beautiful quartzite arrow-heads have been presented by Messrs. W. J. Morris, Thos. Moffat and John F. Moore.

Pipe bowl, steatite.-Dr. T. W. Beeman.

2 Stone hammers.-Mr. Austin Keays.

From Addington County a few specimens have been received, the most valuable of which is the blocked-out form of a large pipe in soapstone. (See fig. 28.) This unique specimen was found on the farm of Mr. Jos. B. Lucas, and by him kindly presented to the museum, along with 3 stone axes and 2 gouges.

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Through the kindness of Dr. M. I. Beeman, of Centreville, we have procured a few other specimens from the same county: and a fine gouge, from Elizabethtown, Leeds, comes from Mr. J. M. Rogers. Perth.

Per Mr. Alan Macdougall, C. E. :

Hydah blanket.-Mr. T. Sydney, Dobbin, Esquimalt.

Hydah fish-line and fish-hook.-Mr. T. Sydney, Dobbin, Esquimalt.

Blade of jade axe.

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Catlinite pipe, Nottawasaga.-Mr. Bend, Penetanguishene.

Gouge chisel, grooved.-Mr. Jas. McCrosson, Warden, Reformatory, Penetanguishene.

Stone pipe (cast).-Mr. J. H. Crouse, Brantford.

Paint cup (cast).

2 Bird amulets (casts).

Ceremonial axe (cast).

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Gorget, Huronian slate.-Capt. David Allan, Elora.

140 Bone awls or needles.-Mr. W. H. Long.

26 Rubbed deer tarsal bones.

10 Worked bone fragments.

135 Bone beads.

1 Carved bone.

1 Piece of worked horn.

10 Horn tips, worked.

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