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was used, but he was sent to prison, first at Cambridge, and subsequently at Maidstone; but the Pope fulminated three bulls in his vindication, for his opinions were chiefly what are now-a-days styled ultramontane, and all tended to the exaltation of the Roman see, even over the councils of the church, which was opposed to the teaching of the English church of that period. However, the primate refused to receive the papal bulls, as contrary to law, and, in defiance of the pope, the degradation of Peacock was ratified, and a successor appointed; but, to prevent further difficulties, he was called upon to resign his bishopric, which he would not do. The only result was his being put in stricter confinement in the abbey of Thorney in Cambridgeshire, forty pounds being "assigned for his finding." Here he is said to have died in the year 1460, but the date appears uncertain, and he may have survived his persecution for a longer period. His successor as Bishop of Chichester, John Arundel, M.D., Archdeacon of Richmond and the king's physician, does not appear to have been consecrated before June, 1459, and only had his temporalities restored on March 26 previous (Pat. 37 Hen. VI. p. 1, m. 5), having at last obtained the papal sanction. It was during the reign of a new pope (Pius II.), however, that the appointment took place, Pope Calistus III., who had supported the unfortunate Peacock, having died on August 8, 1458, or it may be inferred that he would never have sanctioned the

nomination to Chichester, during the lifetime of its lawful occupant, unless on his voluntary resig

nation.

My authorities for the above notices of Bishop Peacock are Chalmers's and Rose's Biographical Dictionaries, Hook's Lives of the Archbishops of Canterbury (vol. v.), Hardy's (Le Neve's) Fasti Ecclesia Anglicana, Stubbs's Registrum Sacrum Anglicanum, Richardson's Godwin. De Præsulibus, and Wharton's Historia de Episcopis et Decanis Assavensibus, &c. A. S. A.

ANONYMOUS.-Who is author of Family Conversations on the Evidences and Discoveries of Revelation, 1824, Edinburgh, Waugh & Innes? The same author wrote Winter Evening Conversations on the Works of God (1823). Also, of the following works: 1. The Botanical Ladder; 2. Entomology, by the Hon. Mrs. W. and Lady M. 1859; 3. Summer Rambles, Studies, Natural History, 1837, D. Marples, Liverpool, Printer; 4. Conversations on Gardening, 1834, J. W. Parker, Publisher, by author of Elements of Botany.

R. I.

BARK HART HOUSE, ORPINGTON, KENT.-I should feel greatly obliged if any reader of "N. & Q." will inform me if any engravings have been published of Bark Hart House, Orpington,

Kent, in which Queen Elizabeth was entertained, July 22, 1573, by Sir Percival Hart; the dates of publication, engravers' and publishers' names; also, the dates of publication of any engravings of Orpington church before the steeple was destroyed by lightning in 1809, and of the old manor house which was rebuilt in the year 1635. W. D.

BULKELY FAMILY.-Will any correspondent of "N. & Q." kindly inform me whether there are any descendants living of Rev. Edward Bulkely, 1664? He had three sons-Rev. Peter Bulkely, who was of Odell, Bedfordshire, in the year Nathaniel, and Paul; the latter died at Cambridge. Who is now in possession of the estate will much oblige H. A. B., MR. LEWIS, 136, at Odell? Any information regarding the above Gower Street, London, N.W.

CANDLE QUERIES.In that interesting work the Wardrobe Accounts of Edward IV. anno 1480, so excellently edited by Sir Harris Nicolas, is an entry (page 121) of a charge

"William Whyte, talloughchaundeller, for iij dosen and ix lb' of pis candell' for to light when the King's highness and goode grace on a nyhgt come unto his said grete Warderobe, and at other divers tymes-price of every lb' jd. qa. iij s. viijd. qa."

Peris

The editor gives a very learned note on this, and shows in the Northumberland Household Book that it is written "Parisch Candle," and in the "Liber Niger Edw. IV." "candylles peris.' He also says he finds numerous examples of "P'is candle," "Paris candle," and candle." As it seems utterly improbable that candles could have been imported from Paris in 1480, the editor confesses he is not able to explain the term further than that in "The Regulations of the Households of George Duke of Clarence, 1494," white lights are mentioned in contradistinction to war lights. The probability is therefore, from the allusion to colour, the former were of tallow. A lady who takes great interest in archæological matters informs me that, in Elisha Cole's Dictionary, it is stated that Paris Garden (the house of Robert de Paris) was made a receptacle for butchers by Richard II., and suggests that Paris candles were those made at Paris Garden from the tallow deposited there. They could not be of wax, because these are described as "cering candel'" in the very same page. The conjecture appears to be by far the throw additional light on the subject? best yet suggested. Can the readers of "N. & Q."

What are those candles described in old monastic

books as "crasseta"? Are they thicker than usual, or is it a corruption of "grasseta," those of fat? A. A.

Poets' Corner.

DATES UPON OLD SEALS.-I have a seal which bears date 1571; I have also seen one dated 1589.

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It would therefore appear that dated seals of the sixteenth century are not uncommon. Now, as there is some relationship between coins and seals, and that the former were first dated in the reign of Edward VI., 1547-53, did dated coins introduce the custom of placing the year upon seals, or are there any seals known bearing date antecedent to the above reign? J. HARRIS GIBSON. Liverpool.

DRINKING SONG.-Can any reader of "N. & Q." inform me whether a song with the refrain, "Give to me the punch-ladle, I'll fathom the bowl," is in print still, and if so, where it is pub

lished ?

E. L. L. ESPEC. I meet with this abbreviated word frequently in a record of the Husting Court of Oxford, temp. Edward I. The following is one extract: "Petr: de Middelton v Riem fil: Willi le Espec: de Oxon de plito deb:" The le denotes an officer or trade, but I do not find the word in such Dictionaries as I have ready access to, and the nearest approach to it is in Kennett's Glossary, where Espicurnantia signifies the office of spigurnel, or sealer of the king's writs; and perhaps "Espec: " may mean the sealer of Oxford Court, an office of some importance, Oxford having, with some other cities, the privilege of taking recognizances of debtors. I shall be obliged by an answer to this query. If I am right in my guess, it may be surmised that Master Richard was a young scamp getting into debt and relying upon his father's fees of office to extricate

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HAROLD'S COAT ARMOUR.-Can any one tell me what coat armour is said to have been borne by the Saxon king Harold, who was killed at the battle of Hastings? Never mind whether he really bore any or not: I merely want to know what has been ascribed to him by the early heralds. Probably they did not forget him, inasmuch as they found coat armour for King Arthur, and even for some of the patriarchs who lived before the flood. I have neither Guillim, nor any of the old heralds within reach just now.

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following difficulties from any of your umerous learned correspondents:

1. The tradition regarding the pygmies (Iliad, iii. 6) is a purely Ægyptian tradition, not alluded to by any other ancient Greek writer except Herodotus. How did this tradition come into the Iliad of B.C. 900?

2. Why are all the traditions regarding the exploits of the Grecian heroes excluded from the Iliad, with the exception of the exploits of Achilles? Only he is permitted to achieve anything. Why is this?

the greave and corslet (@pnt and knμls), armour

3. Where did the Homer of B.C. 900 hear of

of which there is not any trace of its having existed until after the time of the Persian invasion?

4. Why is the Greek of Eschylus and Pindar so much more archaic and difficult to translate than the Greek of Homer, although the Greek of Homer is four centuries older?

5. Why does Homer follow the latest traditions regarding the Grecian heroes?

I am sure these difficulties have been solved ages ago, in some books now out of print. I am not able to find those books; and if I did, probably I could not afford to buy them. I trust that the charity of your more learned and opulent correspondents will give a poor scholar the benefit of their superior advantages.

3, Donegal Square East, Belfast.

THOS. L'ESTRANGE.

PHARMACOPŒIA.—Can any of your readers give me some examples of pharmacopoeia in the sense of a chemical laboratory, especially of the laboraD. M. tory of a pharmaceutical chemist?

RAYPON.-What was a raypon? I do not mean R. a rapier.

ROMAN CANONIZATIONS.-The recent canonization at Rome was in number the one hundred and ninety-first, and of these thirty-eight have taken place from 1800 to the present time. Can any of your correspondents inform me of the number canonized on these occasions? W. W. Malta.

THE SANHEDRIM. This court, composed of seventy members, existed to the time of the destruction of the Temple, but the power of life and death was taken away from it before the time of our Saviour. (S. John, xviii. 31.) Can any of your readers inform me of the date this right was abolished, and by whom? R. F. W. S.

SOMER: STICKLER.-A man is recorded to have died suddenly in Gloucestershire at "a solemn somer meeting, wherein his son was to be a cheesestickler." Will some one help me to the understanding of the words in italics?

R.

SOLES FAMILY.-Guillim, in the edition of 1660, gives this coat of arms to the Soles family of Braban, Cambridgeshire, "A chevron gules between 3 soles fishes, hauriant, proper, within a bordure engrailed." The family of Soley of Sandbourne, Worcestershire, with whom I was connected, and which has become extinct within the last twenty years, bore a chevron chequer or and gules between 3 soles naiant proper. These arms appear in Kidderminster church, Eastham church in Worcestershire, and on the pavement of the nave of Winchester Cathedral. In Lysons's Cambridgeshire I find no mention of the Soles family. Are there any of them extant, and do any other families bear this singular coat of arms? I have not Moule's Heraldry of Fish at hand to refer to. THOMAS E. WINNINGTON.

Queries with Answers.

PRIOR'S POEMS. Some time ago, tempted by the bookseller's seductive description-choice condition, in rich old red morocco, gilt edges"-I purchased a copy of the edition, 2 vols. 12mo, 1725, with a third volume containing the "Remains" (Poems on Several Occasions by Matthew Prior, Esq. &c. 2nd ed. 1727.) Shortly after, turning over this latter volume, the complacency with which I had regarded my acquisition was greatly disturbed by the discovery that four pages and an engraving, pp. 91-96, had been ruthlessly vellicated from the book. Referring to the index, I found that the missing piece was "The Curious Maid: a Tale. An Imitation of Mr. Prior. By Hildebrand Jacob, Esq.," and not being able to mend the matter, I replaced the set in the conspicuous position and good company I had assigned to it for a bit of red morocco, especially when "rich" and "old," marvellously warms and lights up a row of dusky tomes. But the more attractive the exterior, the more frequently was I reminded of the hiatus valde deflendus within; and genuine collectors will understand how, with the discovery of the imperfection, the once-prized

volumes became as worthless as the ravished flower of Catullus

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"Idem cum tenui carptus defloruit ungui,

Nulli illum pueri, nullæ optavêre puellæ ! " Under these circumstances I one day lately, when rummaging the fourpenny-box, had, as I thought, the good fortune to light upon the identical third volume of "Remains." One can hardly collate "sub Dio," and besides, too close and long an inspection takes the bloom from a purchase; so, seeing that the date and size were right, I pocketed the treasure, and proceeded homewards to restore the missing pages. But fate here again was not in my favour. On looking through the new volume, what was my disappointment to

find that the identical pages were missing, having been, as in the other case, evidently abstracted after the volume was bound. Thinking that this coincidence can hardly be an accident, and not finding the missing piece in later editions of Priornot indeed being by him-I seek information as to the cause of the withdrawal of these leaves. WILLIAM BATES.

Birmingham.

[We suspect the very immodest poem "The Curious Maid," will be found expunged in most of the copies of the second edition of Poems on Several Occasions, 1727, which being an imperfect book may account for its nonappearance in the Catalogues of the British Museum and the Bodleian. Unhappily it was reproduced in the third edition of that work, 1733, pp. 75-78, with an indelicate illustration, and is also printed in The Works of Sir Hildebrand Jacob, 8vo, 1735, p. 74. What is known of the personal history of this author and dramatist? Nichols (Literary Anecdotes, ii. 60) has clearly confounded him with his clever but eccentric son, the last

baronet, who died on Nov. 4, 1790, aged seventy-six.]

ANONYMOUS.

- Can you assist me in ascertaining the names of the authors of the following? 1. "Lines on Zermatt Churchyard," published in The Times of August 30, 1866, and signed B. [By Robert Browning.]

2. The Rovers, a play published in 1800, which contains a song entitled "The University of Gottingen."

[The Rovers was the joint production of Frere, Canning, Gifford, and Ellis, and appeared originally in the Anti-Jacobin. The object of the writers was to decry the German drama, or rather the more extravagant examples of it; which, after the adaptation of Pizarro by Sheridan, threatened to drive every other composition from our stage. The song of Rogero, excepting the last stanza, was the production of George Canning. That stanza is said by some to have been added, at the last moment, by

Gifford others have attributed it to Pitt. :: An additional interest attaches to the play of The Rovers, from the fact that Goethe violently attacked George Canning for his share of it-conduct which considerably enhanced

the amusement of that incorrigible wit.]

3. "The Devil," a poem commencing – "From his brimstone bed at break of day, The devil's a walking gone."

I have heard it ascribed to several celebrities, among others Professor Porson.

[This poem was the joint production of Coleridge and

Southey, "N. & Q." 3rd S. ix. 197.]

4. Dr. Johnson says of Titus Andronicus that "all editors and critics agree with Theobald in pronouncing this play spurious."

Has any one been named as the probable author? R. F. W. S.

[The external and internal evidence of the authorship of this tragedy has been ably discussed by Mr. Charles

Knight in his Works of Shakespeare, ed. 1844, xi. 254273.]

Who is the author of L'Homme au Latin, ou la Destinée des Savans. Histoire sans vraisemblances, à Londres, chez John Nourse, 8vo, 1769? WILLIAM BATES.

[Par Siret, says Barbier.] WILLIAM BRIDGE. - What is known of the author of the following treatise, which I find in the library of an Anglo-Swiss gentleman ?

"The Good and Means of Establishment. By William Bridge, Preacher of the Gospel at Great Yarmouth. London: Printed by Peter Cole in Leaden Hall, and are to be sold at his shop, at the sign of the Printing press, in Cornhil, neer to the Royal Exchange, 1656."

The title-page has a coat of arms, but whether it is the bearing of the minister or the printer I cannot say; but I presume it is the shield of Mr. Cole. Was Mr. Bridge connected with the old Presbyterian chapel (now Unitarian) at Great Yarmouth? Is he the author of any other work? S. JACKSON.

[William Bridge, M.A., was born in 1600; educated at Emmanuel College, Cambridge, of which he was several years a fellow; after preaching in Essex and at Norwich he was silenced in 1636 for nonconformity and excommunicated; went to Rotterdam, and was pastor of a congregational church there; returned to England 1642, and became pastor at Yarmouth; ejected 1662; died 1670. The best edition of his collected Works is in 5 vols. 8vo, 1845. Most biographical dictionaries contain some account of him; see also The Nonconformist's Memorial, by Calamy and Palmer, ed. 1803, iii. 19.]

LACE-MAKING IN ENGLAND.-The Penny Magazine, No. 705 (Supplement), March 25, 1843, has the following statement:

"It is recorded that lace-making was introduced into this country by some refugees from Flanders, who settled near Cranfield, now a village on the west side of Bedfordshire, and adjoining Buckinghamshire."

Where is this record to be found? What is the date of the Flemish settlement, and what led them to fix their abode in or near Cranfield? H. H. BIRLEY.

Cranfield Rectory, Newport Pagnell. [We doubt whether there are any records extant relating to the introduction of lace-making into England; for MacCulloch (Dictionary of Commerce) informs us that "tradition says that the lace manufacture was introduced into this country by some refugees from Flanders, who settled at or near Cranfield, now a scattered village on the west side of Bedfordshire, and adjoining Bucks; but there is no certain evidence that we are indebted to the Flemings for the introduction of this beautiful art, though we undoubtedly owe to them most part of our manufactures of articles of dress."]

"FATHER TOM AND THE POPE."-May I inquire through the columns of "N. & Q." for the author

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[The amusing papers on "Father Tom and the Pope " were from the pen of Samuel Ferguson, LL.D., Q.C., & native of Belfast, and still a member of the Irish bar. He is also the author of some spirited stanzas, published in Blackwood's Magazine, entitled "The Forging of the Anchor," and of some interesting papers in the Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy. Dr. Ferguson has published (1.) The Cromlech on Howth, a Poem, with Illuminations from the Books of Kells and of Durrow, and Drawings from Nature by Miss M. M. Stokes, with Notes on Celtic Ornamental Art, revised by George Petrie, LL.D. Lond. fol. 1864. (2.) Lays of the Western Gael, and other Poems. Lond. 8vo, 1865. Also (3.) a paper entitled "Our Architecture" in The Afternoon Lectures on Literature and Art, Second Series. Lond. 8vo, 1864.]

Replies.

THE IRISH HARP.*

(3rd S. xi. 141.)

MR. O'CAVANAGH says, speaking of the harp, "That it was of an ancient Irish origin the Norman kings admitted, for when they coined money for Ireland they impressed it with the harp as a national emblem." I beg leave to say a few words on this little known subject. Henry VIII. was the king who first put the harp, crowned, upon the coin of Ireland. I call him a Tudor king, but it is a wonder MR. O'CAVANAGH does not call him a Saxon, as the Irish, in their utter ignorance of history, generally term everything English. The earlier Kings of England generally impressed three crowns on the coins they struck for Ireland, The three with the words "Dño Hibernie." crowns were at that time called the arms of Ireland; and Richard II., when he created his favourite, Robert de Vere, Marquis of Dublin and Duke of Ireland, gave him permission to quarter with his arms three crowns"Geret arma de azuro, cum tribus coronis aureis -as may be seen in the Patent Rolls. And Galmoyle, a moneyer, bound himself by indenture to make monies with the arms of Ireland, and this legend, "Dño Hibernie.” The Irish knew nothing of chivalry, nor of course of heraldry. Why the three crowns were called the arms of Ireland it would be impossible to say; but it had long been famous as an English banner, as the banner of Saint Edmund, King of the West Saxons. In the heraldical poem of "The Siege of Caerlaverock" in June, 1300, we learn that it

* Concluded from p. 230.

was borne as a banner of England; and when the fortress was captured, we are told that the King, Edward I., caused his own banner to be advanced and displayed on high with the banners of St. George, St. Edward, St. Edmund, Lord Segrave, the Earl Marshal, Earl of Hereford, Constable of the Army, and Lord Clifford, to whose custody the care of the castle was committed. It was also borne as a banner of England at the battle of Agincourt in 1415. And there is a very curious poetical description of this banner, in the Harleian Manuscript (No. 2278), written by John Lydgate.

He says:

"This other standard feelde stable off Ynde *

In which of gold been notable crownys three.
The firste token in cronycle men may fynde
Graunted to hym for Royal dignyte,
And the seconde for virgynyte,

For martyrdome the thyrdd in his sufferyng:

To these annexyd faith, hope, and charity

In token he was martyr maid and Kynge.

"These three crownys Kynge Edmund bar certyn, When he was sent be grace of Goddis hand

At Geynesburch (Gainsborough) for to slew Kyng

Swen,

By which myracle men may undirstond
Delyverd were fro trybute all this lond,
Maugre Danys in ful notable wyse;

For the holy martyr dissolved hath that bond,
Set this religion ageyn in his franchies.

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"These three crownys historyaly to applye,
By pronostyk notably sovereyne,
To Sexte Harrye, in figure signefye
How he is born to worthy corowny tweyne
Of France, and England, lynealy to atteyne
In this lyff heer; afterwarde in hevyne
The thyrdd corownye to receve in certyne
For his merytts above the sterrys seuvene."
Down to about 1540 the Kings of England
merely styled themselves Lords of Ireland, the
title given to Henry II. by the bull of Pope
Adrian IV., and afterwards confirmed by that of
Alexander III. The Popes claimed their right to
the island by the donation of Constantine the
Great, who is said to have granted to the Holy
See the sovereignty of all the islands in the world.
The tenor of Pope Adrian's words are: —

"We, therefore, regarding your pious and laudable design with due favour, and graciously assenting to your petition, do hereby declare our will and pleasure, that, for the purpose of enlarging the borders of the church, setting bounds to the progress of wickedness, reforming evil manners, planting virtue, and increasing the Christian religion, you do enter and take possession of that island (Ireland), and execute therein whatsoever shall be for God's honour, and the welfare of the same. And further, we do also strictly charge and require that the people of that land shall accept you with all honour, and dutifully obey you as their liege Lord-(sicut Dominum veneretur)."

His successor, Pope Alexander III., ratified

* A permanent unfading field of the colour of India, or

azure.

Adrian's grant on condition that the barbarous people of Ireland may be reformed and recovered from their filthy life and abominable conversation, that, as in name, so in life and manners, they may be Christians.

Time went on, and brought with it the usual changes. Everybody knows that Henry VIII. and the Pope disagreed, and then Henry assumed the title of King of Ireland. Before, however, that he did so, he wrote to the Lord-Deputy and the Council of Ireland requesting their advice on the matter, and this is a part of the reply sent to

him in return:

--

"We thinke that they that be of the Irishrie wolde more gladder obey your Highnes by the name of King of this your landes than by the name of Lord thereof; havinge had heretofore a foolyshe opinyon amonges them, that the Bysshop of Rome sholde be King of the same; for extirpating whereof we think it right, under your Highneses pardon, that by authority of Parliament, it sholde be ordeyned that your Majesty, your heirs and successors, sholde be named King of this lande.” *

Accordingly, then, Henry first assumed the title of King of Ireland, and placed the figure of the harp, crowned, upon his Irish coins. Why he did so it is impossible for me to say; I do not know of any proof that ever the harp was considered to be an emblem of Ireland. Indeed, harps do not seem to have been plentiful in Ireland about that time, for there is in the Record Office an intercepted letter from Brian O'Rourke to the MacMahon in 1588. Mac-Mahon, it appears, had sent to O'Rourke for a harp, and the latter writes in reply

"We do assure you that we cannot send you the same, for that there is not a good harp in all our country."

There is an ancient Irish harp in the Museum of Trinity College, Dublin. Dr. Wilde, in his Catalogue of the Museum of the Royal Irish Academy, p. 246, goes out of his way to give a notice and a drawing of it, and says that it is usually called "Brian Boroihme's Harp"; and quotes Dr. Petrie as having said that it is "not only the most ancient instrument of the kind known to exist in Ireland, but is in all probability the oldest harp now remaining in Europe." It was given to the college by the Rt. Hon. W. Conyngham in 1782. Its history, though long, is most instructive; and I feel bound, as it is one which well exemplifies the res Hiberniæ in matters of history, to give it here:

"It is the harp of Brian Boroihme, King of all Ireland, slain in battle with the Danes at Clontarf in 1014. His son Donagh having murdered his brother Teig in 1023, and, being deposed by his nephew, fled to Rome, and carried with him the crown, harp, and other regalia of his father, which he presented to the Pope in order to procure absolution. Adrian IV. alleged this as one of his principal titles to this kingdom in his bull transferring it to Henry II. These regalia were kept in the Vatican

Record Office, Irish Papers, vol. ix. 70.

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