PATRICK AND PETER.-I send you the following scrap, cut from a recent Manchester paper:

"A curious incident occurred on Tuesday in the House of Lords during the progress of the Breadalbane peerage case. Mr. Anderson, Q.C., in alluding to one of the persons whose name had been mentioned, called him Captain Patrick Campbell.-The Lord Chancellor said the captain's name was not Patrick, but Peter.-Mr. Anderson said they were convertible terms.-The Lord Chancellor : What, are St. Patrick and St. Peter the same?'-Mr. Anderson: Yes, the names are the same.'-Lord Colonsay informed the Lord Chancellor that the learned counsel was right; in Scotland, Patrick was Peter, and Peter was Patrick.-The Lord Chancellor said it certainly was information to him."

On what grounds is it said that Patrick and Peter are convertible terms? Patrick seems to be the Anglicised form of the Latin Patricius, a nobleman; and Peter, a Greek word, signifying a stone. The former, as the name of an order, being much the older word; the latter first given to the Apostle. Can any correspondent throw light on the subject? CAMUL.

[The above quoted statement is not strictly accurate. The two names are not really convertible in Scotland. Peter is continually used as a nom d'amitie for Patrick, but the reverse never occurs. This is much more easily explained than the use of Jack for John, instead of James (Jacobus).

Patrick is continually pronounced as Paterick: now in old deeds we constantly meet with the contraction Pat'r and Pater'. Then the English pronunciation of

Latin must be attended to, as distinguished from that of the Continent and Scotland: the a in the one having the same sound as the e in the latter. In Ireland now, and in Scotland during old times, and occasionally even in the present day, Peter was pronounced as Pater. After the Union, the English mode of pronunciation gradually found its way into Scotland; but traces of the old style lingered, and, from this unsettled state of matters, arose the familiar connection of Patrick and Peter, which, however, never occurs in any formal document. It did not in the Breadalbane case, where the counsel was quoting or rather using the name given in the private family correspondence.]

ENLISTMENT MONEY.-Can you inform me why a shilling is presented to a man on his enlisting into the royal service? GEORGE PIESSE.

1, Merton Place, Chiswick, W.

[The payment of a shilling to a man enlisting in the Queen's service involves a nice question in military ethics. Ostensibly the payment in question is a bounty to the recruit, but really the sign or proof of a contract. For the origin of this mode of alluring men into the army, it is necessary to travel back to the times of Edward III. and his successors; who, during their long wars with France, resorted to the practice of recruiting by contracts with men of high rank, or of military estimation, whose influence was probably greater than that of the Crown towards preserving voluntary enlistments. Upon the formation of a standing army this rule was confirmed, so far at least as the ordinary soldier or private was concerned. Enlistments are now regulated by the Mutiny Act; but that Act, we believe, does not specify the amount of bounty to be offered to the recruit; that is left to the discretion of the recruiting officer, who, for obvious reasons, tenders one of the smallest coins in the realm.

This custom is not peculiar to enlistment in the army. At the present day, and still more frequently formerly, if one hired a servant, a shilling or other small coin was given to the individual. This is considered a part performance of the contract on the part of the one party which prevents the other from resiling, derived from the well-known Res non integra maxim of the civil law.]

"WHOOP! DO ME NO HARM, GOOD MAN."—In a MS. now in the Chetham Library (No. 8011, f. 67), are some verses on Prince Charles's visit to Spain, beginning:

-

"Our Eaglett is flowne to a place yett vnknowne, To meete with the Phenix of Spaine, Fether'd many moe will after him goe, To waite and attend on his trayne." They are "To the tune of Whoope! doe me no harme, good man."" Can any of your readers tell me where this old tune is to be found?

CPL.

[This tune is twice alluded to by Shakspeare, in 4 Winter's Tale, Act IV. Sc. 3, and by Ford in The Fancies Chaste and Noble, Act III. Sc. 3, where Secco, applying

it to Morosa, sings "Whoop! do me no harm, good woman." The tune was arranged with variations by W. Corkine, and printed in Lessons for the Lyra-Viol, &c., 1610. It was also transcribed by Dr. Rimbault from a MS. volume of virginal music, in the possession of the late John Holmes, Esq., of Retford, and is printed in Chappell's Popular Music of the Olden Time, i. 208.]

CAUCUS: RINK.-Can you inform me as to the derivation of the American word caucus? The meaning of the word is

"A meeting of one political party, for the purpose of choosing a person or persons to be voted for by all that party, for the purpose of preventing a 'split' in the party."

Also, of the word rink. A "skating rink ” is a meadow, on to which water is let in winter to a slight depth for the purpose of skating.

SCRUTATOR.

[1. Caucus is a corruption of caulkers, the word meeting being understood. See "N. & Q.," 1st S. xi. 28; 3rd S. xi. 292, 430.-2. See Jamieson's Dictionary, s. v. “Renk and RINK, the course, the proper line in the diversion of curling on the ice. Perhaps from A.-S. hrincg, a ring; as the mark is generally a cross enclosed in a circle," &c. In Derbyshire also, by rink, is meant a ring or circle.] WM. ERNLE'S MONUMENT.-On a monument erected to the memory of William Ernle, Esq., in the church of All Cannings, near Devizes, are the following texts:

:

"Where so ever a dead

carkas is even thither will the egles: resorte."

"I beleve: that my redemer liveth and that I: shall rise: owt of the earth: in: the: last: dai and shall be covered againe with: mi skinne and shall se God in my flesh iea: and : I : mi selfe shall beholde him not withe other: but withe these: same: eies."

:

[With the exception of the words "I believe" for "I am sure that my Redemer lyueth," the texts agree with The Byble after the translation of Thomas Mathew. Imprynted at London by Robert Toye, fol. 1551. Blackletter.]

OLD CHINA.-I shall be much obliged if you can afford me information as to the date and manufactory of some old china in my possession. It formed part of a dessert service, and consists of two dishes and two small plates. The entire surface is covered with a pattern of vine leaves and grapes, in shades of green and purple, interlaced with tendrils and branches-the latter of a chocolate colour, as is the edge of each piece: at the back are three separate triangles, each formed by three marks, like the impress of a small tube. On one of the dishes is the letter B, in green. The

glaze is fine, and covered with minute cracks; the ground white, though somewhat discoloured by age. H. P.

[From the description given above of these specimens, we are inclined to believe they were made about the middle of the last century at Stratford-le-Bow. This ware is known to collectors as "Bow china."] MUMMY.—Where shall I find the receipt for mummy as prescribed by physicians in former times? CPL.

[In A History of the Materia Medica, by John Hill, M.D., London, 1751, 4to, p. 875, is a chapter treating of the different substances used medicinally under the name of Mummy. A long extract from this article is quoted in Johnson's Dictionary, art. "Mummy." Consult also Nares's Glossary.]

Replies.

"RICH AND POOR; OR, SAINT AND SINNER." (3rd S. xii. 79, 155.)

S. J. says, "this piece was certainly from the pen of Mr. Barham." Mr. Barham had no more to do with the piece than S. J. "Rich and Poor," &c., was written by the late Mr. T. L. Peacock, the author of Headlong Hall, Nightmare Abbey, and other remarkable books famous forty years ago and almost forgotten now. There was never any particular mystery about the authorship of this very clever satire; and in one of the notices of Mr. Peacock's death, which appeared in the daily newspapers some eighteen months since, he was duly credited with it. Why S. J. should ascribe it to Barham, I cannot understand. It is like nothing Barham ever wrote.

I enclose the true text, which is copied from a little duodecimo of fifty or sixty pages, entitled Paper Money Lyrics, and other Poems. "Only 100 copies printed, and not for sale." C. and W. Reynell, 1837. The Paper Money Lyrics, written in the winter of 1825-26, express sound currency I do not know whether doctrines in smart verse. you will consider the matter of sufficient importance to give the correct version of "Rich and Poor" in "N. & Q.," but you will probably be glad to print the few lines in which the author introduces it:

"Often printed, not quite accurately. It first appeared many years ago in the Globe and Traveller, and was suggested by a speech in which Mr. Wilberforce, replying to an observation of Dr. Lushington that 'the Society for the Suppression of Vice meddled with the poor alone,' said that the offences of the poor came more under observation than those of the rich.""

I think this explanatory note may be interesting to many of your readers who know "Rich and Poor," but probably never heard of the circumstances under which it was written.

I have only to add, that I do not possess the book, and that the copy I send you is taken from one I made some two or three years ago:

"The poor man's sins are glaring

In the face of ghostly warning;
He is caught in the fact
Of an overt act,

Buying greens on Sunday morning.
"The rich man's sins are hidden

In the pomp of wealth and station;
And escape the sight

Of the children of light,
Who are wise in their generation.
"The rich man has a kitchen,

And cooks to dress his dinner;
The poor who would roast
To the baker's must post,
And thus becomes a sinner.

"The rich man has a cellar,

And a ready butler by him;

The poor must steer

For his pint of beer

Where the saint can't choose but spy him.

"The rich man's painted windows

Hide the concerts of the quality;

The poor can but share

A cracked fiddle in the air,
Which offends all sound morality.

"The rich man is invisible

Burton.

In the crowd of his gay society;
But the poor man's delight

Is a sore in the sight,

And a stench in the nose of piety."

S. BLYTH.

[We suspect that Thomas Love Peacock is but too little known by the present generation. He held a responsible position in the India House, having from the year 1836 been examiner of Indian correspondence. He made the acquaintance of Shelley in 1812, and eventually became his friend and executor. Mr. Peacock retired from his position in Leadenhall Street upon a pension in March, 1856, and spent the later years of his life among his books. He died on January 23, 1866, at the patriarchal age of eighty.-ED.]

LORD DARNLEY.

(3rd S. xii. 129.)

The estates of Darnley and Crocston, that belonged to the Stewart-Darnley-Lennox family, lie contiguous, in the abbey parish of Paisley, county of Renfrew. Tradition has handed down, that the courtship, or honeymoon, of Queen Marie and Lord Darnley was at Crocston Castle, and having been printed in several local histories and songs, the one following the other, with improvements, it is generally believed in the locality to be strictly true. From that association the picturesque ruins of the castle of the AngloNorman Robert Croc (1160) became a favourite

subject for poets, painters, and engravers. With the view of fixing the authenticity of the actual presence of Queen Marie and Lord Darnley at Crocston Castle, on such an auspicious occasion, by dates, I made a thorough investigation, and found out that every day and place could be accounted for, where they were, from the day Darnley entered Scotland till the day of his death, and neither the queen nor Darnley were at Crocston Castle during that period. Darnley was only in Scotland one year and 361 days altogether, and was barely nineteen years of age when he married his cousin, the widow Queen Marie, twenty-two and a half years of age, and he was murdered before he arrived at twenty-one years of age. I could not, however, discover the day or month of his birth, to fix his actual age. I may mention a few dates that nearly do so. Matthew, fourth Earl of Lennox, was defeated at the battle of the Muir of Glasgow, fought in March 1543, and he escaped to England. The earl in four months thereafter, July 1544, married Margaret Douglas, aunt uterine of Queen Marie. Their first son and child, who survived his birth nine months, died November 28, 1545. The second son and child was born in 1546, and named Henry, after King Henry VIII. The Earl of Lennox returned to Scotland on September 23, 1564, after twenty years' exile, and his son Lord Darnley arrived in Scotland on February 12, 1564, following. Darnley first met the queen at Wemyss Castle, Fifeshire, on February 16, 1564, and they were married 163 days thereafter, on Sunday, July 29, 1565. Their son King James VI. was born June 19, 1506. Darnley, the second child of the Earl of Lennox, would in all probability be born about two years after his parents' marriage, which would make his birth in July, 1546, and at his marriage he would be barely nineteen years of age; and he was murdered on February 9, 1566, before his majority, and 235 days after the birth of his son.

Paisley.

DAVID SEMPLE.

There are, perhaps, as many opinions upon Mary's conduct with regard to Rizzio as there are upon the question which is her true portrait. credit for having really loved her, and he seems Few, with your correspondent J. M., give Darnley generally to have been represented in a less favourable light than he deserves. letter printed in the first series of Sir Henry There is a Ellis's Letters (vol. i. p. 207), from the Earl of Bedford and Mr. Thomas Randolph to the Privy Council of England, giving a detailed account of the death of Rizzio, which, however unfavourable to the conduct of Mary, we must suppose, from many circumstances, to speak the truth.

W.

OATH OF THE FAISAN.

(3rd S. xii. 108.)

IGNORAMUS seeks information on this subject. It was the custom during the middle ages at great banquets to serve with much pomp and ceremony a pheasant or some other noble bird, on which the knights swore to visit the Holy Land, or to perform some other feat of prowess. In 1453 Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, vowed sur le faisan to go to the deliverance of Constantinople, which had recently fallen into the hands of the Turks. There is a most curious and elaborate description of the whole ceremony in the 29th chapter of the Mémoires d'Olivier de la Marche. At the conclusion of the tournament and banquet held by the duke at Lille, Holy Mother Church, under the guise of a lady in mourning seated on an elephant and escorted by a giant, approaches the duke, and delivers a long versified complainte claiming the aid and succour of the knights of the Golden Fleece:

"La lamentation de nostre mère saincte Eglise faicte en la salle entra Toison d'or, roy d'armes, portant en ses mains un faisan vif, aorné d'un très-riche collier d'or garni de pierreries."

He presents the faisan to the duke —

"pour ce que c'est la coustume, et a esté anciennement, qu'aux grandes festes et nobles assemblées on présente aux princes, aux seigneurs et aux nobles hommes le paon, on quelque autre oiseau noble, pour faire vous utiles et valables. Ces paroles dictes, mondict seigneur le duc (qui savoit à quelle intention il avoit faict ce banquet) regarda l'Eglise; et ainsi comme ayant pitié d'elle, tira de son sein un brief contenant qu'il vouait qu'il secour

rait la chrestienneté."

The knights and other nobles (hommes) follow the example; and the next chapter is taken up with the curious wording of their vows, which, however, were never put in execution.

J. B. DITCHFIELD.

I think a quotation from Gibbon will throw some light on the subject propounded by your correspondent.

Shortly after the taking of Constantinople by the Turks, a chivalrous meeting was convened at Lille by Philip, Duke of Burgundy, to concert measures for the defence of Christendom:

"In the midst of the banquet a gigantic Saracen entered the hall, leading a fictitious elephant with a castle on his back. A matron in a mourning robe, the symbol of religion, was seen to issue from the castle; she deplored her oppression, and accused the slowness of her champions. The principal herald advanced, bearing on his fist a live pheasant, which, according to the rites of chivalry, he presented to the duke. At this extraordinary summons, Philip, a wise and aged prince, engaged his person and powers in the holy war against the Turks. His example was imitated by the barons and knights of the assembly; they swore to God, the Virgin, the ladies, and the pheasant," &c.—Gibbon, chap. 68.

A note says, "the peacock and the pheasant were distinguished as royal birds." W. D.

A cock in medieval times was sometimes called a pheasant; and swearing "sur le faisan," that is, swearing by the pheasant, corresponds to the old English practice of swearing by the cock :"By cock, they are to blame."

No

Hamlet, Act IV. Sc. 5. Gallus, a cock; Gallus, a Frenchman. wonder then that, as the eagle is the national bird of Yankees, the cock should be the national bird of the French, and that they should swear "sur le faisan," i. e. by the cock. The cock may also have been sworn by as St. Peter's bird.

The unlucky commentators have tried to make strange things out of Shakspeare's "By cock." But, as if to satisfy us that "cock" here means the domestic bird so called, chanticleer, and nought besides in earth or heaven, Shakspeare elsewhere associates the name with that of another bird-the "chattering pie." Thus::By cock and pie, you shall not choose, sir."

66

Merry Wives of Windsor, Act I. Sc. 1. And again, Second Part of Henry IV., Act V. Sc. 1. SCHIN.

LUNAR INFLUENCE.

(3rd S. xi. 8.)

In confirmation of what A. C. M. has said re

specting the power of the moon to render animal substances putrid, I may state the opinion of the sailors in Southern Italy, which went so far as to maintain that the moonbeams proved fatal to fish. In passing in an open fishing-boat through the beautiful bay of Taranto, near Gallipoli, as the sun rose, I observed a number of dead fish This excited floating on the surface of the sea. my astonishment, and I inquired of the sailors if they could account for it. They said these are "pesci allunati”- "fish killed by the rays of the moon." I laughed at the idea; but they persisted in their assertion, and, in confirmation of the moon having effect on fish, they assured me that in catching fish during the night they were particularly watchful that the rays of the moon did not continue to shine on them, as they became putrid. That the rays could have the effect of killing fish seems preposterous; but as to causing putridity, it may possibly be so. I have no doubt that the sailors were asserting what they believed to be true, as they without the slightest hesitation called them "allunati". -a word evidently coined to express the effect; but of course this does not make it a whit more true. As to these dead fish, a friend, who has been much in the Mediterranean, and has seen them elsewhere, suggests that volcanic influences are common, and may be the cause of their death. I am aware,

from personal experience, that earthquakes are constantly felt in this part of Italy, and do not doubt that the explosion of noxious gas may occasionally cause the destruction of fish. I may state that I never saw the phosphorescent appearance of the sea more wonderful than it was at times during that night, when a slight breeze wafted us on. I have often witnessed this phenomenon in other parts of the Mediterranean, but never did I see a more beautiful display than the waters occasionally exhibited. As the wind raised a gentle ripple, luminous points everywhere darted up, till we seemed to be sailing through a liquid plain of sparkling stars. Dante might have had the scene before his eyes, when he wrote (Paradiso, xxx. 61-69) that fine description:

“E vidi lume in forma di riviera,
Fulvido di fulgori intra due rive
Dipinte di mirabil primavera.

Di tal fiumana uscian faville vive,
E d'ogni parte sì mettean ne' fiori
Quasi rubin, che oro circonscrive.

Poi, come inebriata dagli odori,
Riprofondavan si nel miro gurge;

E s' una entrava, un' altra n' uscia fuori.”
I look'd;

And in the likeness of a river, saw Light flowing, from whose amber-seeming waves Flash'd up effulgence, as they glided on 'Twixt banks, on either side, painted with spring Incredible how fair: and from the tide There ever and anon, outstarting, flew Sparkles instinct with life; and in the flowers Did set them, like to rubies chased in gold: Then, as if drunk with odours, plunged again Into the wondrous floods; from which, as one Re-enter'd, still another rose."-Cary. Did this state of phosphorence show that the waters of the sea were in a peculiar state, which might affect fish? I am not sufficient of a natural philosopher to venture to give an opinion.

CALLIGRAPHY.

C. T. RAMAGE.

"The Art of Faire Writing, with Severall Plain and Easie Rules and Directions; for the Instruction of Men, Women, and Children, to Write Variety of Hands in a short time. As also how to make good Pens; and Inke of several colours. Likewise Directions for true Spelling and Reading of English; With two Tables of Numeration and Multiplication. Sold by John Hancock, at the first shop in Popes-head Alley in Cornhill, where is also to be sold a very Exact Book of Short-hand, written by Theophylous Metcalfe, With new Additions very easie to be learned, and but small charge to Memory, as hundreds can by experience testifie that have learned by it."

This is "not mentioned by Lowndes," though he mentions "Metcalfe, Short Writing, Lond. 1660, 12mo," "which is said to have passed through thirty-five editions, had never, in reality, more than one.' The pious author, after commenting on the "Use and Commodity of the Art of Writing both to the Body and Soule," gives some very quaint directions "How the Scholler must sit;" how to form the letters, make the pens, &c. Then follow directions for making various kinds of inks, winding this head up with "How to make a candle burne in the water," and "How to kindle Fire at the Sun." Next are some directions for "the true Spelling and Reading of the English Tongue." The author is, however, by no means uniform in his own spelling, agreeing no doubt with the Irishman who thought that "he is a poor scholar who cannot spell a word more than one way."

At the end of the table of letters representing figures, he combines "MDCLI, 1651, one thousand six hundred fifty-one," which, I presume, is the date of the work. The "conclusion of the whole matter" is

"And thus having presented unto you these necessaries, I commit you unto the Almighty, and to the spirit of His grace, who is able to preserve you blamelesse unto the comming of the Lord Jesus."

The other portion of the book, though the same size and shape (oblong 12mo), may not have been published with it. There is no reference from the one to the other. It consists of engraved plates of texts, &c. numbered consecutively by half pages, each half page having different styles. There are twenty half there being but nine pages in it. This pages. lacks 17 and 18, copy On the first half page is engraved a man sitting at a desk writing, and on the second a hand showing the manner of holding the pen. In the corner is a portion of the nose, the mouth, and chin of a human head; the point of the pen held in the hand enters the nostril. What is the meaning of this? The title on the first half page is as follows:

Hands With Easie Rules whereby those that can Reade "A Coppie-Booke of the Newest and Most Vsefull may Learne to Write of themselues. London, printed for John Hancock, and are to be sovld at the first shop in Popes-head Alley, Next to Cornhill. Where allso there is sould a New Short-hand Booke Invented by Mr. Metcalfe, very Exact, Speedie, and Easie to be learned in 2 or three dayes without any other Teacher, as many in this Cittie can testifie. 1649."

The texts given are "Halfe Letters," "Secretary Letters and Hand," "Roman Letters and Hand," "Chancery," "Running Hand," "Ittallian Letters and Hand," "Mixt Hand," &c., with quite a number of crude flourishes on the several

pages.

These two books, if they are distinct, are both quite rare. I have not been able to find any