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tracts, and some digressions, have been removed; and the space thus gained has prevented the new matter from swelling the work to an inconvenient size. Many references and other bibliographical details have been added, although the principle of abstinence from unnecessary citation has still been preserved.

The labor bestowed on this Edition will, I hope, render it more worthy of public acceptance. To my friend, the Rev. W. G. Clark, of Trinity College, Cambridge, an acknowledgment is due for the kindness with which he permitted me to profit by his accomplished scholarship and taste, in the revision of the proofs; but while thanking him publicly for his many suggestions and corrections, I must exonerate him from every iota of responsibility either as to the opinions or the statements in this volume.

The Introduction explains the purpose of this History and the principles of its composition; let me therefore only add here that, although availing myself of the labors of other historians and critics, I have not restricted myself to them. The works of the various philosophers, with rare exceptions, have been studied at first hand, and have furnished the extracts and abstracts; that is to say, I have either collected the passages myself, or have verified them by reference to the originals, in almost all cases. While, therefore, this History makes no pretension to a place beside the many erudite and comprehensive Histories previously published, it claims to be regarded as something very different from a mere compilation. The novelty of its conception made direct acquaintance with the originals indispensable. Having to exhibit the Biography of Philosophy in its rise, growth, and development, I could not always have

drawn my
material from writers who had no suck aim;
many of the passages most significant for my purpose
being totally disregarded by my predecessors.

In another respect also I have innovated, namely, in
the constant interweaving of criticism with exposition.
This was necessary to my purpose of proving that no
metaphysical system has had in it a principle of vitality;
none has succeeded in establishing itself, because none
deserved to succeed. In this way I have been led to
express every conclusion to which the study of meta-
physical problems has led me; in some places-espe-
cially in the refutation of Sensationalism, and in the
physiological discussion of psychological questions—
I have been forced to content myself with a brief and
imperfect exposition of my own views; and the reader
is requested to regard them, rather in their bearing as
criticisms, than as expressing what I have to say on
such difficult topics.

The following list comprises some of the many general
Histories which the student will find useful, should he
desire ampler detail than was consistent with the size
and plan of this volume:
In English.-Ritter, History of Philosophy, 3 vols.;
Tennemann, Manual of the History of Philosophy,
1 vol.; Victor Cousin, Introduction to the History
of Philosophy, 1 vol.; Morell, History of Specula-
tive Philosophy in the Nineteenth Century, 2 vols.
(2d edition, much improved).

In French.-Degérando, Histoire Comparée des Sys-
tèmes de Philosophie, 4 vols. (2d edition); Renou-
vier, Manuel de la Philosophie Ancienne, 2 vols.,
and Manuel de la Philosophie Moderne, 1 vol.;
Damiron, Histoire de la Philosophie en France au

XIX Siècle, 1 vol.; Galuppi, Lettres Philosophiques, 1 vol.

In German.-Ritter, Geschichte der Philosophie, 9 vols.; Tennemann, Geschichte der Philosophie, 11 vols. ; Hegel, Geschichte der Philosophie, 3 vols.; Zeller, Die Philosophie der Griechen, 2 vols.; Brandis, Geschichte der Griechisch-Römischen Philosophie, 2 vols.

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