Abelard, his character, birth, de- | scent, studies, 346; love of dia- lectics, taste for notoriety, personal appearance, triumph over his mas- ter, origin of his misfortunes, 348; establishes a school of philosophy, his debate with Champeaux, 349; his brilliant career, intrigue with Heloise, 350-355; becomes a monk, founds the convent of the Para- clete, his philosophy and contribu- tions to the development of specu- lation, 355; peculiarity of his doc- trine, 357-359; object of his work Introductio ad Theologiam, his trea- tise Sic et Non, 359. Academy, the New, difference be- tween the skepticism of the New Academicians and that of the Pyr- rhonists, 293; its derivation from Plato explained, 296.
Academicians, the New, problem re- specting perception presented by them, 298-304.
Alcibiades, his description of Socra- tes, 123.
Algazzali: birth, parentage, studies, profession, 363; resemblance be- tween him and Descartes, 363; his skepticism, 364; his examination of doctrines held by the faithful, 366; his career and endeavors to attain the ecstatic state, 867; his attempts to prove the existence of prophetism, 369.
Alexandrian schools, the, 307; schools
of philosophy formed at Alexandria, 308; illustrious men assembled there, 809; direction given to the mind by the Alexandrian school, 313; in what its originality con- sists, its dialectics, 315; its theories of inspiration, 319; the Alexandrian Trinity, 320-324; similarity of the Alexandrian Trinity to that of Spi- noza, 326; aim of the Alexandrian school, 333; its termination in Pro- clus, 336.
Amcinias, his statement respecting Parmenides, 49.
Anaximander, his birth, inventions ascribed to him, 10; astronomica! and mathematical knowledge, lead- er of a colony to Apollonia, resi- dence at the court of Polycrates, doctrines and speculations, 11; his distinction between finite things and the Infinite All, 13; his specu- lations wholly deductive, 14; his physical speculations, 15; harmony between him and Pythagoras, 33. Anaximenes, doctrines of, a develop- ment of those of Thales, his birth- place, his theory respecting air, 6; his doctrine an advance on Thales, 7. Anaxagoras: birth, patrimony, char- acter, passion for philosophy, and residence at Athens, 71; his pov- erty, career as a teacher, pupils, accusation, banishment, death, 72; his philosophy, 72; leading doc- trines, 74; cosmology, 75; his re- jection of Fate and Chance, 76; Plato's objection to him, 78; his notion respecting Intelligence, 80; mistakes made by him, inapplica- bility of the title Eclectic to him, 82; admission of both Sense and Rea- son into his system, 83. Antisthenes, his life, teachers, sys- tem, 177; his manners and gloomy temper, school founded by him, 178. Arabians, two great epochs in the in- tellectual development of the, 369; Arabian philosophy, 361; Arabian philosophers, their familiarity with Greek writers, 362; obligations of Europe to, 870.
Arcesilaus: birth, studies, promotion to the academic chair, character, death, 294; his doctrine of a acata- lepsy, 297.
Archytas and Timæus, works attrib- uted to them, spurious, 24. Aristippus, founder of the Cyrenaic school; his acquaintance with Soc-
rates, 173; residence at Corinth; disposition and character, return to Cyrene, 174; his philosophy, a precursor of Epicureanism, its re- to Socrates, 175; his doc- trine of pleasure, 177. Aristotle: birth, origin, 241; educa- tion, visit to Athens, 242; writes his History of Animals, 248; founds the school of the Peripatetics, in- fluence of his writings, 244; nature of his method, 246; differente be- tween him and Plato, 247; his doc- trine of induction, 249; commence- ment of positive science in Aris- totle's method, 250; difference be- tween the Aristotelian method and the method of positive science, 250; difference between Aristotle's and Plato's use of the term dialectics, 252; his categories, 255; object of his logic, 256; his propositions, 257; his definition of the syllo- gism, 259; his metaphysics, 261; errors in his theory, 262; his va rious doctrines, 263; compared with Plato, his versatile intellect, 264; results of his labors, 266; his long authority explained, 372; his influence on the sixteenth cen- tury, 378.
Authority and Liberty, principles of, 371.
Bacon, Francis: birth, ancestry, edu- cation, 398; visits France, studies common law, distinguished as an orator, 399; sworn a member of the Privy Council, appointed keeper of the Great Seal; created Baron Ver- ulam, accused of corruption, 400; impeached, retires from public life, 401; his death, his method, 402; his four classes of idols, 402; his description of induction, 404; his doctrine illustrated, 405; his Pre- rogative Instances, 406; distinguish- ing characteristic of his philosophy, 408; his chief merit, 409; division of his method into two parts, his Aphorisms, 410; positive tendency of his speculations, 411; his sepa- ration of science from theology il- lustrated, 412; his declaration re- specting physics, 413; his testimo- nies to the genius and errors of the ancients, 415; the groundwork of his Organum, 416; his constant aim, 417; inquiry into the ori- ginality and usefulness of his method, objections brought against
it by Le Maistre and Macaulay re- futed, 420-434.
Baillarger, M., his method for meas- uring the surfaces of the brain, 766. Belief and perception, difference be- tween, 595.
Berkeley, George: birth, education, publication of his writings, visit to London, reception there, character, 548; career, travels, preferment, visit to America, return to Eng- land, made Bishop of Cloyne, re- moval to Oxford, death, his ideal- ism, 549; misunderstanding of him by his critics, his rejection of the noumenon explained, 550; ac- cusation brought against him re- futed, doctrine of the reality of things maintained by him, 552; his definition of substance, 553; his starting-point, 556; his theory of the origin of knowledge, 557; ker- nel of his system, 558; his identi- fication of the object with sensa- tion, 559; fundamental principle of his theory, 560; his refutation of realism, 561; his triumph over dualism, 563; his theory irrefuta- ble, 564; his main position incon- trovertible, 566; causes of his fail- ure, results of his labors, 569. Brain, function of the, 597; discrep- ancies in the size of the, 767. Bruno, Giordano, his martyrdom, 378; rarity of his works, 374; his birth and disposition, character, adopts the Dominican frock, 375; his doubts on transubstantiation and respecting Aristotle, his ad- venturous course, 376; his perse- cutions, 377; his teachers, 879; his position among teachers, his travels and adventures, 379-884; flight to Venice, thrown into pris- on, 385; sent to Rome, excommuni- cated and perishes at the stake, 886; historical value of his system, character of his writings, 388; his anticipation of Spinoza and Des- cartes, impulse given by him to the study of Nature, 390; his creed, 391; grandeur of his system, 392; his comedy, 393; his various writ- ings, 394-397.
Cabanis, Pierre Jean Georges, 740; physiological method to be sought in him, 742; birth, profession, res- idence at Auteuil, death, his work entitled Rapports en Physique, his position in the history of philoso-
phy, 742; his recognition of the | Cousin, Victor, 772. unity of life and mind, 748; his predecessors, his physiological psy- chology, 744; results of his survey of the human organism, 746; object of his treatise, 746; popularity and influence of his work, 747. Carneades, birth, teachers, promo- tion to the academic chair, sent as ambassador to Rome, 295; influ- ence, return to Athens, death, 296. Cartesian doctrine, 454. Causation, defined, 586; weakness of the theory of, exposed, 662; in- stinctive belief in causation proved to be false, 666; belief in causa- tion, on what founded, 668; uni- versal causation, source of the be- lief in, 664; reflection required for the belief in, not an instinet, 666. Century, the sixteenth, its place in history, 877.
Cranioscopy, 755-759; difficulties be- setting, 760.
Cyrenaic school, the, 178. Cynic school, the, 177; effect created by the school in Athens, great qualities of its disciples, 181; causes of the want of respect felt for them, 182.
Certainty, how attainable, xxxiv. Christology, Hegelian, Spinoza's an- ticipation of, 466. Collard, Royer, 772.
Common sense philosophy, failure of and benefits conferred by, 629. Comte, Auguste: historical position, nature of his method, 776; his Cours de Philosophie Positive, 777; his inauguration of a philosophy of science, 778; his three initial con- ceptions, 779; his fundamental law of evolution, 780; nature of, 781; its three stages not strictly chrono- logical, 782; his classification of the fundamental sciences, 785; his in- fluence, 787.
Condillac, Etienne de, birth, career, publication of his essay, appointed tutor to the Prince of l'arma, made a member of the French Academy, publication of his Logic, death, 589; the representative of Locke in France, object of his Traité des Sen- sations, peculiarity of his system, 590; his misconception of Locke, his doctrine refuted, 591; his error respecting the mental faculties, 592; his theory of sensations, 593; his definition of ideas, 594; the systematic error of his system, 597; examined into, 598, 599; destruc- tion of the basis of his system, his discovery that our faculties are not innate or even connate, 600; merits of his works and style, his want of a true psychological method, 602. Consciousness, limitation of, 451. Continuity, law of, 405.
Dareste, Camille, his researches into the convolutions of the brain, 766. Darwin, Erasmus: birth, studies, profession, his poem of the Botanie Garden, his Zoonomia, his theory the same as Hartley's, his defini- tion of the word idea, 609; his conception of psychology, 610; his theory of vibrations, explanation of perception, 615; theory of beauty,
Definitions, employment of, by Soc- rates, 153; importance of, in the Socratic method, 156; in what they consist, 253.
Democritus, the laughing philoso- pher: birth, 94; character, station, career, anecdotes respecting, ob- scurity of his philosophy, difficulty of assigning him a position, 94; differences between him and other schools, nature of his doctrine and teaching, his identification of sensa- tion and thought, 95; his doctrine of reflection, 96; his hypothesis to explain perception, 98; his doctrine of atomism, 99; superiority of his system, 100.
Descartes, René: birth, parentage, precocity, studies, 435; travels, pursuits, 436; conceives the design of a reformation in philosophy, publication of his Discourse on Method, sensation produced by it, visit to Stockholm, death, 437; character, 488; causes which led him to the invention of his method, 489; logical imperfection of his Cogito, ergo Sum, 440; vital portion of his system, 441; psychological portion, 442; mathematical or de- ductive portion, 443; differences and resemblances between him and Bacon, nature and tendency of his method, 445; applications of his method, 446; weakness of his at- tempts to demonstrate the exist- ence of God, 447; physical specu- lations, 448; position, 450; his criterion examined, fallacy of his system, 451; fallacy of his notion
that the mind is a passive recipient, 453; his doctrine respecting innate ideas, 454.
Dialectics, Zeno of Elea, the inventor of, 57; creation of, to what owing,
Diogenes of Apollonia: birth, tenets, 7; theory of life, 8; the last ancient philosopher attached to the physi- cal method, 9.
Diogenes of Sinope: birth, parent- age, flight to Athens, poverty, life, 179; bis ostentation, 182; charac- teristics, death, 184.
Eclecticism, 769; origin and growth of, 771; definition of, 773; crite- rium, necessity of a, 774; want of a criterium in the system, 775; valuable as a subsidiary process, 776.
Ecstasy, faculty of, place it holds in Neo-Platonism, 818.
Ego, the activity and passivity of the, 696.
Empedocles, contrary opinions as to the place occupied by him, 83; in- terpretation of the disputed pas- sage in Aristotle respecting, 84; birth, station, espousal of the dem- ocratic party, travels, character, and anecdotes respecting him, 86 uncertainty as to his teachers and his writings, 88; diversity of opin- ion with respect to his position sig- nificant, his relation to the Eleatic school, his resemblance to Zenoph- anes, 88; his attempts to prove the existence of Reason and of the Di- vine Nature, 90; his attacks on an- thropomorphism, 90; his relation to the Pythagorean school, 91; ad- vance made by him on Anaxago- ras's doctrine, 92; his conception of God, 93. Epicureans, the, 274.
lations on the creation of the uni- verse and the origin of knowledge, 63; third epoch-intellectual crisis, 101; fourth epoch-a new opened, 122; fifth epoch-partial adoption of the Socratic method, 169; sixth epoch-complete adop- tion of the Socratic method, 186; seventh epoch-philosophy again reduced to a system, 241; eighth epoch--second crisis of Greek phi- losophy, 268; ninth epoch-phi- losophy allies itself with faith, 307; conclusion of ancient philosophy, 836. Transition period, 343. First epoch, foundation of the inductive method, 398; second epoch-foun- dation of the deductive method, 435; third epoch-philosophy re- duced to a question of psychology, 495; fourth epoch-the subjective nature of knowledge leads to ideal- ism, 548; fifth epoch-the argu- ments of idealism carried out into skepticism, 570; sixth epoch-the origin of knowledge referred to sensation, 589; seventh epoch- second crisis, 618; eighth epoch- recurrence to the fundamental question respecting the origin of knowledge, 680; ninth epoch-on- tology reasserts its claim, 675; tenth epoch-psychology seeking its basis in physiology, 740; elev- enth epoch-philosophy finally re- linquishing its place in favor of positive science, 769.
Euclid of Megara; birth, delight in listening to Socrates, 170; his re- semblance to the Eleatics, his dia- lectics, 172.
Existence, belief in, 588. Experience, dispute concerning, 546; the foundation of our belief in causality, 663.
Experimentum crucis, value of the,
Fathers, the Christian, 343.
Epicurus: birth, origin, and educa- tion, 274; his travels, opening of his school in the garden, his char-Fichte, Johann Gottlieb: birth, pre- acter, accusations brought against him refuted, misrepresentations of his doctrine, 275; dislike felt for him by the Stoics, 276; his doc- trine and system, 277, 278; his ethical doctrine, psychology and physics, 279; his doctrine review- ed, 280. Epochs in Philosophy: first epoch- speculations on the nature of the universe, 1; second epoch-specu-
cociousness, 675; anecdotes of, 676, 677; education, 678; life at Schulp- forte, 679; becomes a candidatus theologia, residence in Switzerland, acquaintance with Kant's writ ings, 681; writes an abridgment of Kant's Kritik, 683; extracts from his journal, made professor of phi- losophy at Jena, 634; residence at Berlin, 655; death, character, his- torical position, 686; his opinions,
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