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INDEX.

Abelard, his character, birth, de- |
scent, studies, 346; love of dia-
lectics, taste for notoriety, personal
appearance, triumph over his mas-
ter, origin of his misfortunes, 348;
establishes a school of philosophy,
his debate with Champeaux, 349;
his brilliant career, intrigue with
Heloise, 350-355; becomes a monk,
founds the convent of the Para-
clete, his philosophy and contribu-
tions to the development of specu-
lation, 355; peculiarity of his doc-
trine, 357-359; object of his work
Introductio ad Theologiam, his trea-
tise Sic et Non, 359.
Academy, the New, difference be-
tween the skepticism of the New
Academicians and that of the Pyr-
rhonists, 293; its derivation from
Plato explained, 296.

Academicians, the New, problem re-
specting perception presented by
them, 298-304.

Alcibiades, his description of Socra-
tes, 123.

Algazzali: birth, parentage, studies,
profession, 363; resemblance be-
tween him and Descartes, 363; his
skepticism, 364; his examination
of doctrines held by the faithful,
366; his career and endeavors to
attain the ecstatic state, 867; his
attempts to prove the existence of
prophetism, 369.

Alexandrian schools, the, 307; schools

of philosophy formed at Alexandria,
308; illustrious men assembled
there, 809; direction given to the
mind by the Alexandrian school,
313; in what its originality con-
sists, its dialectics, 315; its theories
of inspiration, 319; the Alexandrian
Trinity, 320-324; similarity of the
Alexandrian Trinity to that of Spi-
noza, 326; aim of the Alexandrian
school, 333; its termination in Pro-
clus, 336.

Amcinias, his statement respecting
Parmenides, 49.

Anaximander, his birth, inventions
ascribed to him, 10; astronomica!
and mathematical knowledge, lead-
er of a colony to Apollonia, resi-
dence at the court of Polycrates,
doctrines and speculations, 11; his
distinction between finite things
and the Infinite All, 13; his specu-
lations wholly deductive, 14; his
physical speculations, 15; harmony
between him and Pythagoras, 33.
Anaximenes, doctrines of, a develop-
ment of those of Thales, his birth-
place, his theory respecting air, 6;
his doctrine an advance on Thales, 7.
Anaxagoras: birth, patrimony, char-
acter, passion for philosophy, and
residence at Athens, 71; his pov-
erty, career as a teacher, pupils,
accusation, banishment, death, 72;
his philosophy, 72; leading doc-
trines, 74; cosmology, 75; his re-
jection of Fate and Chance, 76;
Plato's objection to him, 78; his
notion respecting Intelligence, 80;
mistakes made by him, inapplica-
bility of the title Eclectic to him, 82;
admission of both Sense and Rea-
son into his system, 83.
Antisthenes, his life, teachers, sys-
tem, 177; his manners and gloomy
temper, school founded by him, 178.
Arabians, two great epochs in the in-
tellectual development of the, 369;
Arabian philosophy, 361; Arabian
philosophers, their familiarity with
Greek writers, 362; obligations of
Europe to, 870.

Arcesilaus: birth, studies, promotion
to the academic chair, character,
death, 294; his doctrine of a acata-
lepsy, 297.

Archytas and Timæus, works attrib-
uted to them, spurious, 24.
Aristippus, founder of the Cyrenaic
school; his acquaintance with Soc-

rates, 173; residence at Corinth;
disposition and character, return
to Cyrene, 174; his philosophy, a
precursor of Epicureanism, its re-
to Socrates, 175; his doc-
trine of pleasure, 177.
Aristotle: birth, origin, 241; educa-
tion, visit to Athens, 242; writes
his History of Animals, 248; founds
the school of the Peripatetics, in-
fluence of his writings, 244; nature
of his method, 246; differente be-
tween him and Plato, 247; his doc-
trine of induction, 249; commence-
ment of positive science in Aris-
totle's method, 250; difference be-
tween the Aristotelian method and
the method of positive science, 250;
difference between Aristotle's and
Plato's use of the term dialectics,
252; his categories, 255; object of
his logic, 256; his propositions,
257; his definition of the syllo-
gism, 259; his metaphysics, 261;
errors in his theory, 262; his va
rious doctrines, 263; compared
with Plato, his versatile intellect,
264; results of his labors, 266;
his long authority explained, 372;
his influence on the sixteenth cen-
tury, 378.

Authority and Liberty, principles
of, 371.

Bacon, Francis: birth, ancestry, edu-
cation, 398; visits France, studies
common law, distinguished as an
orator, 399; sworn a member of the
Privy Council, appointed keeper of
the Great Seal; created Baron Ver-
ulam, accused of corruption, 400;
impeached, retires from public life,
401; his death, his method, 402;
his four classes of idols, 402; his
description of induction, 404; his
doctrine illustrated, 405; his Pre-
rogative Instances, 406; distinguish-
ing characteristic of his philosophy,
408; his chief merit, 409; division
of his method into two parts, his
Aphorisms, 410; positive tendency
of his speculations, 411; his sepa-
ration of science from theology il-
lustrated, 412; his declaration re-
specting physics, 413; his testimo-
nies to the genius and errors of the
ancients, 415; the groundwork of
his Organum, 416; his constant
aim, 417; inquiry into the ori-
ginality and usefulness of his
method, objections brought against

it by Le Maistre and Macaulay re-
futed, 420-434.

Baillarger, M., his method for meas-
uring the surfaces of the brain, 766.
Belief and perception, difference be-
tween, 595.

Berkeley, George: birth, education,
publication of his writings, visit to
London, reception there, character,
548; career, travels, preferment,
visit to America, return to Eng-
land, made Bishop of Cloyne, re-
moval to Oxford, death, his ideal-
ism, 549; misunderstanding of
him by his critics, his rejection of
the noumenon explained, 550; ac-
cusation brought against him re-
futed, doctrine of the reality of
things maintained by him, 552;
his definition of substance, 553; his
starting-point, 556; his theory of
the origin of knowledge, 557; ker-
nel of his system, 558; his identi-
fication of the object with sensa-
tion, 559; fundamental principle
of his theory, 560; his refutation
of realism, 561; his triumph over
dualism, 563; his theory irrefuta-
ble, 564; his main position incon-
trovertible, 566; causes of his fail-
ure, results of his labors, 569.
Brain, function of the, 597; discrep-
ancies in the size of the, 767.
Bruno, Giordano, his martyrdom,
378; rarity of his works, 374; his
birth and disposition, character,
adopts the Dominican frock, 375;
his doubts on transubstantiation
and respecting Aristotle, his ad-
venturous course, 376; his perse-
cutions, 377; his teachers, 879;
his position among teachers, his
travels and adventures, 379-884;
flight to Venice, thrown into pris-
on, 385; sent to Rome, excommuni-
cated and perishes at the stake,
886; historical value of his system,
character of his writings, 388; his
anticipation of Spinoza and Des-
cartes, impulse given by him to the
study of Nature, 390; his creed,
391; grandeur of his system, 392;
his comedy, 393; his various writ-
ings, 394-397.

Cabanis, Pierre Jean Georges, 740;
physiological method to be sought
in him, 742; birth, profession, res-
idence at Auteuil, death, his work
entitled Rapports en Physique, his
position in the history of philoso-

phy, 742; his recognition of the | Cousin, Victor, 772.
unity of life and mind, 748; his
predecessors, his physiological psy-
chology, 744; results of his survey
of the human organism, 746; object
of his treatise, 746; popularity and
influence of his work, 747.
Carneades, birth, teachers, promo-
tion to the academic chair, sent as
ambassador to Rome, 295; influ-
ence, return to Athens, death, 296.
Cartesian doctrine, 454.
Causation, defined, 586; weakness of
the theory of, exposed, 662; in-
stinctive belief in causation proved
to be false, 666; belief in causa-
tion, on what founded, 668; uni-
versal causation, source of the be-
lief in, 664; reflection required for
the belief in, not an instinet, 666.
Century, the sixteenth, its place in
history, 877.

Cranioscopy, 755-759; difficulties be-
setting, 760.

Cyrenaic school, the, 178.
Cynic school, the, 177; effect created
by the school in Athens, great
qualities of its disciples, 181; causes
of the want of respect felt for them,
182.

Certainty, how attainable, xxxiv.
Christology, Hegelian, Spinoza's an-
ticipation of, 466.
Collard, Royer, 772.

Common sense philosophy, failure of
and benefits conferred by, 629.
Comte, Auguste: historical position,
nature of his method, 776; his
Cours de Philosophie Positive, 777;
his inauguration of a philosophy of
science, 778; his three initial con-
ceptions, 779; his fundamental law
of evolution, 780; nature of, 781;
its three stages not strictly chrono-
logical, 782; his classification of the
fundamental sciences, 785; his in-
fluence, 787.

Condillac, Etienne de, birth, career,
publication of his essay, appointed
tutor to the Prince of l'arma, made
a member of the French Academy,
publication of his Logic, death, 589;
the representative of Locke in
France, object of his Traité des Sen-
sations, peculiarity of his system,
590; his misconception of Locke,
his doctrine refuted, 591; his error
respecting the mental faculties,
592; his theory of sensations, 593;
his definition of ideas, 594; the
systematic error of his system, 597;
examined into, 598, 599; destruc-
tion of the basis of his system, his
discovery that our faculties are not
innate or even connate, 600; merits
of his works and style, his want of
a true psychological method, 602.
Consciousness, limitation of, 451.
Continuity, law of, 405.

34

Dareste, Camille, his researches into
the convolutions of the brain, 766.
Darwin, Erasmus: birth, studies,
profession, his poem of the Botanie
Garden, his Zoonomia, his theory
the same as Hartley's, his defini-
tion of the word idea, 609; his
conception of psychology, 610; his
theory of vibrations, explanation of
perception, 615; theory of beauty,

616.

Definitions, employment of, by Soc-
rates, 153; importance of, in the
Socratic method, 156; in what they
consist, 253.

Democritus, the laughing philoso-
pher: birth, 94; character, station,
career, anecdotes respecting, ob-
scurity of his philosophy, difficulty
of assigning him a position, 94;
differences between him and other
schools, nature of his doctrine and
teaching, his identification of sensa-
tion and thought, 95; his doctrine
of reflection, 96; his hypothesis to
explain perception, 98; his doctrine
of atomism, 99; superiority of his
system, 100.

Descartes, René: birth, parentage,
precocity, studies, 435; travels,
pursuits, 436; conceives the design
of a reformation in philosophy,
publication of his Discourse on
Method, sensation produced by it,
visit to Stockholm, death, 437;
character, 488; causes which led
him to the invention of his method,
489; logical imperfection of his
Cogito, ergo Sum, 440; vital portion
of his system, 441; psychological
portion, 442; mathematical or de-
ductive portion, 443; differences
and resemblances between him and
Bacon, nature and tendency of his
method, 445; applications of his
method, 446; weakness of his at-
tempts to demonstrate the exist-
ence of God, 447; physical specu-
lations, 448; position, 450; his
criterion examined, fallacy of his
system, 451; fallacy of his notion

that the mind is a passive recipient,
453; his doctrine respecting innate
ideas, 454.

Dialectics, Zeno of Elea, the inventor
of, 57; creation of, to what owing,

62.

Diogenes of Apollonia: birth, tenets,
7; theory of life, 8; the last ancient
philosopher attached to the physi-
cal method, 9.

Diogenes of Sinope: birth, parent-
age, flight to Athens, poverty, life,
179; bis ostentation, 182; charac-
teristics, death, 184.

Eclecticism, 769; origin and growth
of, 771; definition of, 773; crite-
rium, necessity of a, 774; want of
a criterium in the system, 775;
valuable as a subsidiary process,
776.

Ecstasy, faculty of, place it holds in
Neo-Platonism, 818.

Ego, the activity and passivity of the,
696.

Eleatics, the, 87.

Empedocles, contrary opinions as to
the place occupied by him, 83; in-
terpretation of the disputed pas-
sage in Aristotle respecting, 84;
birth, station, espousal of the dem-
ocratic party, travels, character,
and anecdotes respecting him, 86
uncertainty as to his teachers and
his writings, 88; diversity of opin-
ion with respect to his position sig-
nificant, his relation to the Eleatic
school, his resemblance to Zenoph-
anes, 88; his attempts to prove the
existence of Reason and of the Di-
vine Nature, 90; his attacks on an-
thropomorphism, 90; his relation
to the Pythagorean school, 91; ad-
vance made by him on Anaxago-
ras's doctrine, 92; his conception
of God, 93.
Epicureans, the, 274.

era

lations on the creation of the uni-
verse and the origin of knowledge,
63; third epoch-intellectual crisis,
101; fourth epoch-a new
opened, 122; fifth epoch-partial
adoption of the Socratic method,
169; sixth epoch-complete adop-
tion of the Socratic method, 186;
seventh epoch-philosophy again
reduced to a system, 241; eighth
epoch--second crisis of Greek phi-
losophy, 268; ninth epoch-phi-
losophy allies itself with faith, 307;
conclusion of ancient philosophy,
836. Transition period, 343. First
epoch, foundation of the inductive
method, 398; second epoch-foun-
dation of the deductive method,
435; third epoch-philosophy re-
duced to a question of psychology,
495; fourth epoch-the subjective
nature of knowledge leads to ideal-
ism, 548; fifth epoch-the argu-
ments of idealism carried out into
skepticism, 570; sixth epoch-the
origin of knowledge referred to
sensation, 589; seventh epoch-
second crisis, 618; eighth epoch-
recurrence to the fundamental
question respecting the origin of
knowledge, 680; ninth epoch-on-
tology reasserts its claim, 675;
tenth epoch-psychology seeking
its basis in physiology, 740; elev-
enth epoch-philosophy finally re-
linquishing its place in favor of
positive science, 769.

Euclid of Megara; birth, delight in
listening to Socrates, 170; his re-
semblance to the Eleatics, his dia-
lectics, 172.

Existence, belief in, 588.
Experience, dispute concerning, 546;
the foundation of our belief in
causality, 663.

Experimentum crucis, value of the,

408.

Fathers, the Christian, 343.

Epicurus: birth, origin, and educa-
tion, 274; his travels, opening of
his school in the garden, his char-Fichte, Johann Gottlieb: birth, pre-
acter, accusations brought against
him refuted, misrepresentations of
his doctrine, 275; dislike felt for
him by the Stoics, 276; his doc-
trine and system, 277, 278; his
ethical doctrine, psychology and
physics, 279; his doctrine review-
ed, 280.
Epochs in Philosophy: first epoch-
speculations on the nature of the
universe, 1; second epoch-specu-

cociousness, 675; anecdotes of, 676,
677; education, 678; life at Schulp-
forte, 679; becomes a candidatus
theologia, residence in Switzerland,
acquaintance with Kant's writ
ings, 681; writes an abridgment of
Kant's Kritik, 683; extracts from
his journal, made professor of phi-
losophy at Jena, 634; residence at
Berlin, 655; death, character, his-
torical position, 686; his opinions,

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