Louisa, the last being formerly called the Colognian, or Köpenickian suburb; the fifth is New Voigtland, or the Oranienburg suburb, beyond the Spandau suburb in the

north-west.

These several quarters of Berlin, with the exception of Voigtland, are closely connected with each other, and surrounded by a wall sixteen feet high, in which there are fourteen land-gates and two water-gates, besides four minor outlets. They are divided into twenty-nine police quarters, and contain eleven palaces, or residences for members of the royal family, and 8714 private dwelling-houses* (6700 within the walls), in which there are 53,363 distinct family occupations; the rent of which amounts to 3,985,270 dollars, or about 547,980%. The portion insured against fire in 1833 was valued at 79,194,650 dollars, or about 10,889,2647. The number of bridges in Berlin is 42: the principal are the Schloss-brücke, or Bridge of the Palace; the Marshal Bridge; and Frederick's Bridge, which is of iron, 245 feet long, between 32 and 33 feet broad, and consists of eight arches of 27 feet diameter, and 54 feet in height. The number of squares, open spaces, and markets is 32; of streets, 158; of lanes, 14; and of passages, 14. The places of worship for the Lutherans, Reformed Lutherans, and Roman Catholics, are 27 churches; and for the 4000 Jews, one synagogue. There are 17 public hospitals, and 8 military inOrmaries; 17 barracks, and 4 riding or drilling houses for the soldiery; 8 royal magazines, independently of 4 powdermagazines out of the town; and 24 cemeteries, of which 16 lie within the walls, and 8 beyond them. The total number of public buildings is 178.

The Spree receives, at what is called the Ship-builders Dam, the Panke, which flows through part of the suburb of Spandau; and without the walls is the Sheep or Militia Fosse, which runs out of the Spree near the Silesian Gate, winds along the skirts of Louisa and Frederick's Towns, skirts the Thier-garten, which is a sort of open park, and rejoins the Spree in the vicinity of the village of Lietzow. Three canals, also, namely, the former ditch of the ramparts, with the King's and Sluices' Fosses, are of much utility to the inhabitants.

Of the 14 land-gates of Berlin, there is none to be compared with the Brandenburg Gate, on the west side of the town, next the Square of Paris, in the Dorotheenstadt. It is a copy of the Propylæa of the Acropolis at Athens, but on a much larger scale: it was con structed in 1780, and exhibits a double colonnade of 12 columns of the Doric order, each 44 feet in height, and 5 feet 8 inches in diameter, which occupy the centre, with 5 entrances between them, that in the centre having an iron gate 18 feet high; the structures on each side of it have their roofs supported by 18 smaller columns, 24 feet in neight. The pediment, which rests upon the 12 larger and central columns, is surmounted by a Victory standing upon a car drawn by four horses, 12 feet high. This was carried off by the French in 1807, and brought back from France seven years afterwards. The entire breadth of the Brandenburg Gate is 199 feet (195 Berlin feet), and its elevation, including the pediment, rather more than 65. The bassi-rilievi on the pediment represent Margrave Albert Achilles capturing a standard with his own hands from the Nuremberg troops; and the sculptures in the metopes represent the combat between the Centaurs and Lapitha.

Immediately outside of this gate lies the Thier-garten, which is laid out in walks, avenues, and labyrinths. It contains a number of country-residences and gardens, stationary zelte, or tents for refreshments, a fine flower-garden, the master of the hunt's establishment and public gardens, the great area for military exercise, and the handsome palace of Bellevue with spacious grounds, where Prince Augustus resides.

Our description of what is most remarkable in Berlin will be best understood if we take the chief objects in the respective quarters of the town in regular succession. We shall begin, therefore, with Berlin, the oldest quarter: here we find the post-house, town-hall, and seat of the civic judicature; the general military school; the royal gymnasium, called the Joachims-thal, with four courts; the church of St. Nicholas, supported by 16 Gothic columns, which is 174 feet in length, 74 in width, and 40 in height: it has a steeple, and is the most antient church in Our numbers are taken from Dr. Hörschelmann's statement (1834), which is borne out by other Berlin writers. The Report of the Statistical Bureau,' in Berlin, on the other hand, states the number to have been 11,971 even so far back as the year 1828.

Berlin, having been consecrated in the year 1223; he Landschafts-haus, or provincial house of assembly for the representatives of the mark of Brandenburg; St. Mary's Church, in length 211 feet, breadth 99, and height 56, with a handsome pulpit of alabaster, some fine paintings by Rode, the tomb of Kanitz the poet, and a steeple 292 feet high, accounted the loftiest in the city; Frederick's Bridge, which we have already described; the Lager-haus (storehouse), in which are several royal manufactories, besides the ateliers of Rauch the sculptor, and two other artists, Tick and Wach; the King's Gewerbhaus (handicraft establishment), comprising a mechanics' institute, workshops in which metals are melted, and screws, wheels, &c., are manufactured by steam; apartments containing casts, draw. ings, and engravings, for gratuitous instruction in the art of design and modelling; and a laboratory, library, and collection of models, attached to the Society for Promoting Mechanical Industry, which has upwards of 800 members: the Royal Gymnasium of the Grey Friars (Zum Grauen Kloster), attended by more than 400 youths; the Garrison Church, the largest in Berlin, containing a superficies of nearly 16,000 feet, independently of the space occupied by the columns: it possesses a remarkably fine organ, and several allegorical paintings of Prussian commanders; the parochial church, built in the shape of a cross, 51 feet broad, and 102 long; Frederick's Hospital, or Orphan Asylum, which maintains more than 350 orphans, provides board for 650 other children, and has a royal inoculating institution attached to it; and, lastly, the Stadtvogtei, or prefecture of the town, which contains the police offices, and the prisons for all offenders within the jurisdiction of the civic auhorities.

Crossing over to the opposite, or left bank of the Spree, we enter Old Cologne, the most central quarter of Berlin, from the Long Bridge, a structure of stone, with five arches, 165 feet in length, and with an iron balustrade. Upon this bridge stands the massive equestrian bronze statue of the great Frederick William, elector of Brandenburg, on a pedestal, having at each of its four corners the colossal effigy of a slave. This monument, moulded by Schlüter and cast/ by Jacobi, was erected in the year 1703. The bridge leads immediately into the Schloss Platz, or square of the palace, an area 1450 feet in length and 450 in width, the north-west side of which is occupied by the royal palace, an oblongrectangular building composed of four courts, and containing five hundred habitable apartments. It is the present resi dence of the heir-apparent and Prince William, his uncle. It is 474 feet in length, 284 in breadth, 104 in height, and 1516 in circuit. It contains the great library, belonging to the heir-apparent; the royal treasury and archives-depôt: the picture gallery, with nearly 300 specimens of the Italian, Flemish, and old German schools; the white hall, with marble statues of four emperors, and sixteen electors of Brandenburg; the museums of natural history and mechanical arts, as well as of the fine arts; and the three great reservoirs over the principal entrance, which is an imitation of the triumphal arch of Severus in Rome: these reservoirs are! kept constantly filled with 7000 tons of water.

The gardens at the back of this magnificent edifice are surrounded by an allée of poplars and chestnuts, but derive their chief attraction from the noble Museum which stands at their northern extremity, and contains the choicest specimens of the arts that were scattered through the royal collections in Berlin and Potsdam, as well as a multitude of acquisitions made of late years. This splendid structure will immortalize the name of Schinckel, the architect. Owing to the swampy nature of the soil, it is built on upwards of, 1000 pine-piles from 48 to 50 feet in height. Its form is rectangular oblong, 281 feet in length, and 182 feet in depth It is 62 feet in elevation from the ground to the uppermost edge of the entablature which runs round it, has a basement story and two floors above it, and the principal front, which., faces the gardens, is broken by a flight of 21 steps, leading to a vestibule 16 feet deep, which is formed by 18 Ionic columns. The various collections which it contains are, the picture gallery, consisting of a fine hall 208 feet long, and nearly 31 feet wide; two smaller halls, each 125 feet long and 29 feet wide, and several apartments adjoining; the whole, including the partitions between the windows, present a surface of wall of between 38,000 and 39,000 square feet. It contains also collections of antient sculptures, vases, antient and modern coins, antient bronzes, and pottery. The building was begun in 1823, and was opened on the 3rd of August, 1829. In front of this edifice is a colossal vage, chiselled

out of native granite, 75 tons in weight, resting on a handsome pedestal. The quarter of Old Cologne also contains the cathedral, 337 feet in length and 136 in breadth, with the places of sepulture of several members of the royal family; the Royal Exchange; the Bridge of the Palace, built on two arches; the King's Stables; the Armoury; the Townhall for the quarter, in which the deputies of the town assemble; the Royal Cologne Gymnasium, with 360 pupils, &c. That part of this subdivision which is called New Cologne contains the Royal Salt Magazine (Salzhof), in which are storehouses for salt and mill-stones.

The north-western part of the Cologne quarter is separated by a canal from the Friedrichswerder quarter. This district contains the Principal Mint (Haupt-Münze); the Prince's House, in which the Royal Frederick Gymnasium is at present established; the Address Haus, where money is advanced on pledges; the Royal Bank; the Huntsmen's House (Jägerhaus), in which are the offices and apartments for the Consistory; the Palace Court, with a prison for offenders of higher rank; the College, or French Gymnasium, combined with a theological school; the Tax Office for the metropolis; the Palace of the Princes, which is inhabited by Prince Charles, the king's third son, and the princess of Liegnitz, the morganatic consort of his Prussian majesty, whose apartments are connected by an arched passage with the apartments in the royal palace, where the king now resides; the Werder Church, a handsome edifice, built in the old German style after the designs of Schinkel; a splendid Arsenal, forming a square, each side of which is 286 feet in length, and containing, among other things, models of eighteen fortresses in France in alto-rilievo; the Royal Foundry; and the Royal Guardhouse in the King's Square, a quadrangular structure designed by Schinkel, in the style of an antient castrum, close to which are colossal statues of Scharnhorst and Bülow, two celebrated commanders in the campaigns between 1812 and 1815. A handsome monument of bronze erected to Prince Blücher, consisting of a statue, which, with its plinth, is 11 feet, and an appropriately-decorated pedestal, which is thirteen feet high, the work of Rauch, stands between the Royal Palace and the Opera House. On the front side of the pedestal is an alto-relievo of Victory bearing a tablet between her hands, with the following

No. 242.

inscription:- Frederick William III. to Field-Marshal Prince Blücher of Wahlstatt, in the year 1826.'

The Dorotheenstadt, or new town quarter, lies to the north of the preceding, between the Friedrichswerder quarter and the northern bend of the Spree. Its most striking feature is the celebrated street called Unter-den-Linden, which contains two double lines of linden or lime-trees: it is 2744 feet in length, 174 feet in breadth, and affords the most attractive promenade in Berlin. This quarter likewise contains the northern part of Frederick's Street, which runs in a straight line of 4250 paces (upwards of two miles), from the Place of the Belle Alliance at the most southern, to the Oranienburg Gate, which lies nearly at the most northern end of the capital. The principal objects in the Dorotheenstadt are the University Buildings, with columns and pilasters of the Corinthian order, which contain lecture-rooms, and museums of anatomy, zoology, mineralogy, &c., and a garden; the Opera House, with a handsome range of fluted Corinthian columns, 266 feet in length, and 106 in width, three rows of boxes, and accommodation for 3000 spectators; the Catholic Church of St. Hedwig, an imitation of the Pantheon in Rome; the Royal Library, facing the Opera House, the principal apartment in which is 263 feet long, and 59 feet broad, with more than 400,000 volumes, besides manuscripts; the Vocal Academy; the Royal Academy, containing halls and rooms occupied by the Academies of the Arts and Sciences, and a clock, illuminated at night, according to whose time every public clock in Berlin is regulated; the Observatory, a lofty quadrangular tower, raised on a platform 86 feet above the pavement; the School for the Artillery and Engineers; the Paris Square, on the west side of which the Brandenburg Gate opens, and the east side of which opens on the Unter-den-Linden. The Weidendammer Bridge, which is wholly of cast-iron, and with a flat road-way, rests on two arched openings at each end, with a passage for boats in the centre, about 27 feet wide. This bridge leads to the Voigtland suburb northwards across the Spree: it is 180 feet in length, about 35 in width between the balustrades, and weighs 400 tons.

To the south of the Dorotheenstadt lies the Frederick's Town quarter, the largest in Berlin: the western part of it is traversed in its whole length by the handsome street called William's Street, which is nearly 9200 feet

ong, and terminates in the Place of the Belle Alliance, the | northern side of which opens into Frederick's Street, and the north-eastern into another handsome street called Linden Street, from the row of limes which runs on each side of it. The octagonal Place of Leipzig, the west side of which opens to the Potsdam Gate and the east to the fine Street of Leipzig leading eastwards through the whole of Frederick's Town, contributes also to the embellishment of this quarter. The other principal objects are the Dönhoff Square, with its obelisk or milliarium, from which all the post-office distances are measured; the Royal China Manufactory; the Gymnasium of Frederick William, with a 'real-schule,' or school for practical acquirements; the Collegien-haus, which is the seat of the law commission, the supreme judicial court, the senate and deputies of the chamber of justice (Kammergericht), &c.; the Ansbach Palace, at present appropriated to the Louisa Foundation, a seminary for the education of female children; the Palace of the Minister of War, to which a fine garden is attached; the Palaces of Princes Frederick and Augustus, and Prince Radzivil, and of the Minister of Justice; the Manufactory of Gold and Silver Works; the Palace of the antient Knights of St. John, in which is the equestrian hall ornamented with the portraits of many of the grand-masters and commanders of the order; William's Square, about 570 feet long, and 270 broad, planted round with limes, and embellished with statues of Schwerin, Ziethen, and three other celebrated commanders in the thirty years' war; the Gend'armes Square, on which stand the New and the French Churches with their handsome towers, one of which is 230 feet high; the Theatre, and the handsome Concert-room attached to it, altogether 250 feet long, and 216 wide; the See-handlung (Maritime Trade) Company's House; and the house of the Society of Naturalists. Outside of the Halle Gate, which leads into the Place of the Belle Alliance, is the Kreutzberg, on which stands the military monument erected in 1820: this consists of a turreted Gothic superstructure of iron, with twelve chapels or recesses beneath it, which are dedicated to the memory of the twelve principal battles fought in the campaigns of 1813. 1814, and 1815, and over which the following inscription has been placed :- The sovereign to his people, who, at his summons, magnanimously poured forth their blood and treasure for their country. In memory of the fallen-in gratitude to the living-as an excitement to every future generation.' It is supported on a substructure of stone, raised on a terrace 80 feet in diameter, and commands a view of the country for more than 30 miles round. On the Kreutzberg, also, are the beautiful grounds called Tivoli. Immediately adjoining the north-eastern part of the quarter of Berlin lies the suburb called the Königsstadt, or Konig's Vorstadt (the latter word implying a suburb). In its whole length north-eastwards, from Alexander Square to the King's gate, which is one of the outlets through the city walls, it is traversed by the König's Strasse or King's Street, 3660 feet long, and of recent construction; the square just mentioned opens into it. This suburb contains the Königsstadt theatre, 153 feet long and about 78 wide, built in 1824, and calculated for 1600 spectators; the House of Industry, at the south end of Alexander Square, where the indigent who are disposed to work are lodged and boarded; the Royal Institute for the Blind; the Asylum for 400 poor children, set on foot by the late Professor Wadzeck in 1810, and bearing his name; the Alexandrina Asylum for 24 girls; the Büschingsche Garden, in which Büsching, the geographer, is interred, with his first wife and five children; the Eckartstein manufactory of earthenware, and the Döring works, in which sulphuric, muriatic, and other acids are manufactured; the Lazareth and Hospital; an Asylum for widows, &c.

To the south-east of the Berlin quarter is the Stralau suburb, through which runs the Great Frankfort Street, 5508 feet long, between rows of limes to the Frankfort Gate, the most eastern passage through the walls. There are a number of large manufactories in this part of Berlin, among which we may notice several sugar refineries, a paper-mill, in which 100 reams are made by machinery every day, and Baron von Kottwitz's House of Voluntary Industry; besides a variety of private gardens, &c.

On the opposite bank of the Spree lies the Luisenstadt suburb, which is principally filled with gardens and fields. The eastern side of this suburb is traversed by the Köpenick Street, 8982 feet in length, which terminates at the Silesian Gate. It likewise contains the Dresden Street, 5580

feet long, which leads to the Cottbus Gate, the Military Equipment Magazines (Armatur Magazin), Public Granary, Waggontrain Establishment, the Dunnenberg Cotton Factory, the Church of Louisa, &c.

At the north-western extremity of the Prussian capital is the Spandau suburb, which is bounded on the south by the left bank of the Spree, and on the south-east by the Berlin quarter. Its eastern and western districts are respectively intersected by two long streets, the Linien and Oranienburger; the first-mentioned of these districts is connected with the Cologne Quarter by the Monbijou bridge (also called Frederick's Bridge or the bridge of Hercules), on which stand four large statues and two fine groups in stone representing Hercules encountering the Centaur. and the same god on the point of tearing the Nemean lion in pieces. This suburb contains the royal palace of Monbijou, the residence of Prince Charles of Mecklenburg Strelitz, the king's brother-in-law, with handsome gardens, pavilions, hothouses, &c.; the Veterinary School, an admirably arranged establishment, with lecture-room, ampmtheatre, garden, laboratory, and infirmary, &c.; the great Hospital of La Charité, which makes up 800 beds, and is connected with the Clinical Institution, and has 45 windows in front, a wing at each end, and three stories; the Church of St. Sophia, the tower and steeple of which are 230 feet in height; the New Mint; and the Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb. On the right hand of the street leading from the Oranienburg Gate, and outside of the walls, is the celebrated Iron Foundry, in which beautiful trinkets and other small articles are manufactured. Further to the left stands the Royal Hospital for Invalids, consisting of a main building and two wings, and a separate church for Protestants and Roman Catholics, which maintains nearly 1000 soldiers, females, and children: over the front is inscribed Læso et invicto militi. At some distance beyond this establishment are the Louisa Baths, embellished with gardens and walks. In addition to the foregoing subdivisions of Berlin, a plan has been laid down for erecting a new quarter of the town on the extensive plot of ground called the Köpenicker Feld,' which lies immediately within the southern walls, and between the right bank of the Spree and Frederick's Town This plot occupies an area of about 1000 acres, and when fully covered will contain thirty-one streets, eighteen squares, two churches, and a canal from the right bank of the Spree to the Sheep's Fosse. A commencement has already been made towards carrying this extensive plan into effect. The town is extensively lighted with gas, supplied by the works erected by the Imperial Continental Gas Company in London, under the superintendence of Mr. Perks.

Berlin is the seat of civil and military government for the whole kingdom, and, as will be inferred from our description of its several districts, abounds in literary and scientific establishments, which, where there is need, are liberally supported by the government. The university, founded in 1810, and designated the University of Frederick William after the present sovereign, contains above 120 professors and teachers, and is attended by upwards of 1700 students Berlin has also four royal gymnasia or high schools, several public seminaries for scholars, civic and rural schools, the Louisa Foundation for educating female teachers, nearly 260 private schools, academies of the arts, sciences, and mechanical pursuits, schools of design, an academy of architecture, district schools for mechanics, two superior civic schools, twenty-nine public libraries, valuable collections of machines and models, societies of natural history, geography, statistics, horticulture, medicine and surgery, pharmacy, philomathics, experimental philosophy and medicine, and the amelioration of prison discipline. There is a parent Bible Society, with more than forty auxiliary establishments, and a central association for the circulation of religious books in the Prussian territories; a ‘Society of Friends of the Arts,' another for the education of deserted children, the number of whom received into the House of Industry has amounted to 295 in three years; and other societies for cultivating the German language, promoting Christianity among the Jews, and for converting the heathens in the East Indies and Africa, Humane Society, &c. To these we add the Frederick's Institute for educating sixty soldiers' children, several schools of industry for children, a number of Sunday schools: a bank for savings, which has thriven rapidly, and in 1832 had 23,000 depositors, with deposits to the amount of 805,801 dollars, or 110,7507.; and various associations