THE LUCAN AND THE JOHANNINE WRITINGS.

THE Lucan and the Johannine writings are at first sight so different that the former have been supposed to be concerned with the outward, historical, practical side of the Gospel, and the latter with its inward spiritual verities-the former regarding it from the point of view of time, the latter from the point of view of eternity. But when they are more closely examined, it is found that the minds of both writers are steeped in the same ideas and impressions and associations. The following lists of parallels in thought and expression seem to point to some bond between the two writers more intimate than literary acquaintance, however well the Johannine writer may have known the writings of St Luke. The close resemblances between them seem to demand the assumption of some personal link of association; the writers seem to have been brought into close contact with each other. Such a link of association would be found in the Virgin Mother of the Lord, the probable source of the Lucan account of the Nativity and the Lord's last charge to the beloved disciple. Common work at Ephesus may also have been another link, although the tradition that places St Luke's tomb there is apparently not ancient, and the hypothesis that associates St Luke with Antioch rather than with Ephesus has strong support. I may add that the study of the Johannine writings on which I have been engaged for the purpose of this comparison has led me to the conviction that they are all by the same author. (I have also made a similar comparison between St Matthew and St John, and between St Mark and St John. The comparatively insignificant results of this study have served to emphasize the closeness of the relation between St Luke and St John.)

I. Parallelisms in the treatment of the same subject-matters (all except two connected with the Passion and the Resurrection).

1. The question raised whether St John Baptist is the Christ.

Lk. x 39 παρακαθεσθεῖσα πρὸς Jo. xi 20 ἐκαθέζετο.

τοὺς πόδας τοῦ Κυρίου.

...

Lk. x 40 ἡ δὲ Μάρθα περιεσπᾶτο περὶ πολλὴν διακονίαν . · ἡ ἀδελφή μου μόνην με κατέλιπεν διακονεῖν.

Jo. xi 32 ἔπεσεν αὐτοῦ πρὸς τοὺς πόδας.

Jo. xii 2 καὶ ἡ Μάρθα διηκόνει.

3. Judas and Satan.

Lk. xxii 3 εἰσῆλθεν δὲ ὁ Σατανᾶς Jo. xiii 27 εἰσῆλθεν εἰς ἐκεῖνον ὁ

Lk. xxiii 14 οὐδὲν εὗρον ἐν τῷ Jo. xix 4 ἐν αὐτῷ οὐδεμίαν αἰτίαν

Lk. xxiii 44 καὶ ἦν ἤδη ὡσεὶ ὥρα Jo. xix 14 ὥρα ἦν ὡς ἕκτη.

ἕκτη.

10. The new Tomb.

Lk. xxiii 53 οὗ οὐκ ἦν οὐδεὶς οὔπω

κείμενος.

r. The Burial and the 'Preparation Lk. xxiii 54 καὶ ἡμέρα ἦν παρασκευῆς καὶ σάββατον ἐπέφωσκε.

12. The stone found already taken Lk. xxiv 2 εὗρον δὲ τὸν λίθον ἀποκεκυλισμένον ἀπὸ τοῦ μνη

μείου.

13. Two angels in the Sepulchre. Lk. xxiv 4 καὶ ἰδοὺ ἄνδρες δύο ἐπέστησαν αὐταῖς ἐν ἐσθῆτι ἀστραπτούσῃ.

14. The grave clothes.

Jo. xix 41 ἐν ᾧ οὐδέπω οὐδεὶς ἦν τεθειμένος.

'.

Jo. xix 42 ἐκεῖ οὖν διὰ τὴν παρα-
σκευὴν τῶν Ἰουδαίων . . . ἔθηκαν
τὸν Ἰησοῦν.

away from the Sepulchre.
Jo. xx - βλέπει τὸν λίθον ἠρμένον
ἐκ τοῦ μνημείου.

Jo. xx 12 καὶ θεωρεῖ δύο ἀγγέλους ἐν λευκοῖς καθεζομένους.

Lk. xxiv 1 2 [καὶ παρακύψας βλέπει Jo. xx 7 καὶ θεωρεῖ τὰ ὀθόνια κεί

τὰ ὀθόνια μόνα].

μενα.

15. Our Lord' took bread', &c., after His Resurrection.

II. Parallelisms in the treatment of different subject-matters.

The fruitless errands of the ύπηρέται.

Acts x 25 sq. πεσὼν ἐπὶ τοὺς

III. Resemblances in form or in matter or in both, in discourses.

προφητῶν οὐκ ἀκούουσι, οὐδ ̓
ἐάν τις ἐκ νεκρῶν ἀναστῇ πεισθή-

σονται.

Lk. xviii 41 τί σοι θέλεις ποιήσω ;
Lk. xxi 24 καὶ Ἱερουσαλὴμ ἔσται

πατουμένη ὑπὸ ἐθνῶν ἄχρι οὗ
πληρωθῶσιν [καὶ ἔσονται] καιροὶ
ἐθνῶν.

Lk. xxii 53 ἀλλ ̓ αὕτη ἐστὶν
ὑμῶν ἡ ὥρα καὶ ἡ ἐξουσία τοῦ
σκότους.

Lk. xxii 67 sq. ἐὰν ὑμῖν εἴπω, οὐ μὴ πιστεύσητε· ἐὰν δὲ ἐρωτήσω, οὐ μὴ ἀποκριθῆτε.

Lk. xxiii 30 τότε ἄρξονται λέγειν τοῖς ὄρεσι, Πέσατε ἐφ ̓ ἡμᾶς, καὶ τοῖς βουνοῖς, Καλύψατε ἡμᾶς (Hos. x 8).

Acts ii 20 ὁ ἥλιος μεταστραφήσεται εἰς σκότος καὶ ἡ σελήνη εἰς αἷμα (Joel ii 31).

Acts xx 24 ἀλλ ̓ οὐδενὸς λόγου ποιοῦμαι τὴν ψυχὴν τιμίαν ἐμαυτῷ, ὡς τελειώσω τὸν δρόμον

μου.

IV. Phrases.

εἰ δὲ τοῖς ἐκείνου γράμμασιν οι
πιστεύετε, πῶς τοῖς ἐμοῖς ῥήματα
πιστεύσετε ;

Jo. v 6 θέλεις ὑγιὴς γενέσθαι ;
Apoc. xi 2 ἐδόθη τοῖς ἔθνεσιν καὶ
τὴν πόλιν τὴν ἁγίαν πατήσουσιν
μῆνας τεσσαράκοντα [καὶ] δύο.

Jo. xiv 30 ἔρχεται γὰρ ὁ τοῦ κόσμου ἄρχων καὶ ἐν ἐμοὶ οὐκ ἔχει οὐδέν.

Jo. xviii 23 εἰ κακῶς ἐλάλησα, μαρ
τύρησον περὶ τοῦ κακοῦ· εἰ δὲ
καλῶς, τί με δέρεις ;

Apoc. vi 16 καὶ λέγουσι τοῖς ὄρεσι,
Πέσατε ἐφ' ἡμᾶς.

Apoc. vi 12 ὁ ἥλιος ἐγένετο μέλας ὡς σάκκος τρίχινος, καὶ ἡ σελήνη ὅλη ἐγένετο ὡς αἷμα.

Apoc, xii ir καὶ οὐκ ἠγάπησαν τὴν ψυχὴν αὐτῶν ἄχρι θανάτου.

φόβος ἐπέπεσε Lk. i 12, Acts xix 17 : Apoc. xi II.

λατρεύειν νύκτα καὶ ἡμέραν Lk. ii 37, Acts xxvi 7 : Apoc. vii 15. προσκυνεῖν ἐνώπιον Lk. iv 7 : Apoc. iii 9, xv 4.

ἀκούω with participle Lk. iv 23, Acts vii rz: 3 Jo. 4. ἐκλείσθη ὁ οὐρανός Lk. iv 25 : κλεῖσαι τὸν οὐρανόν Apoc. xi 6.

λαλεῖν βλασφημίας Lk. v. 21 : Apoc. xiii 5.

ἐκλεξάμενος δώδεκα Lk. vi r3 (Acts i 2): Jo. vi 70.

δεῖ τὸν υἱὸν τοῦ ἀνθρώπου Lk. ix 22, xxiv 7: Jo. iii 14 (Mk. viii 3r). φωνὴ ἐγένετο Lk. ix 35, Acts ii 6, x 13 : Apoc. xi 15. ἀκολουθεῖν μετά Lk. ix 49 : Apoc. vi 8, xiv 13.

ὁ Κύριος (of our Lord : in the Gospels) Lk. x 1, &c. : Jo. iv r, &c πληγὰς ἐπτίθεσθαι Lk. x 30, Acts xvi 23: Apoc. xxii 18.

ἔλαιον καὶ οἶνον Lk. x 34 : Apoc. vi 6, xviii 13.

ἡ ἀγάπη τοῦ Θεοῦ (in the Gospels) Lk. xi 42, Jo. ν 42. φίλοι μου (of the Disciples) Lk. xii 4 : Jo. xv 14.

ἐνώπιον τῶν ἀγγέλων Lk. xii 9, xv τo : Apoc. iii 5, xiv το.