attain are the very ones who win the most in the end. It might be well to appoint a day in which to strive to be absolutely courteous to everyone, every hour of the day, and consciously test our ability and note sensations and results. A teacher or parent might propose such a test and interest all in it, giving opportunity at the close of the day for an expression of experiences and an evaluation of the experiment. We think that such an experiment would be a revelation to at least some of the participants, both old and young. Perhaps it would be found out that courtesy is "catching," as truly as many bad things. We feel sure that such a day would be remembered as a "red letter day" in many a home or school.

SHALL SALARIES BE INCREASED?

An official answer is given to this question in an editorial in the National Education Association's official journal, and we have been requested to present this in the "American Notes-Editorial Department" of "Education."

"If the question of increasing the salaries of teachers were put to a public thoroughly aware of the facts in the case," so says this editorial, "the decision would be overwhelmingly favorable. Let us get clearly in mind these facts.

"Education is frankly recognized by thinking people everywhere as the basis of successful democratic government. Numerous problems are now testing democratic governments as they have never been tested before. Therefore education now and in the future needs to be supported and developed as never before. Otherwise the whole structure of civilization is threatened with disaster. Education is at once insurance against danger and the key investment that makes possible greater development in the future.

"At the heart of the whole scheme of education stands the teacher. If he is wise and strong and influential, sound educational practice will exercise a controlling influence upon the youth of the nation and the foundations in good citizenship will be sure. Great buildings and large classes are futile except as they are vitalized by well-trained, conscientious, and capable teachers. To obtain such teachers it is necessary to have candidates who are strong and fit,-the best is none too good for the nation's children. It is necessary that these candidates be trained to deal with the difficult problems of education. Such training is costly and strong men and women must have some inducement to spend the years and money that it requires.

"What inducement shall be offered the prospective teacher-the teacher who is to prepare today's children for citizenship in the greater nation of tomorrow? There are two great inducements: the privilege of service and reasonable opportunity to enjoy the things that go with economic independence. The privilege of service is a great appeal. It is a dominating influence in the lives of the best teachers. However, in the organization of modern society there are attractive opportunities for service in business and many other fields outside of teaching. Society cannot and should not rely entirely upon the appeal of service to maintain its system of education. Modern society is abundantly able to afford adequate education. It should be willing to pay the price.

"What, then, should be done with teachers' salaries? Again let us recall the facts. Before the war, teaching had become notorious as a makeshift occupation. The war drew attention to the appalling situation and after a vigorous campaign by the National Education Association and other agencies, salaries were advanced somewhat. In only a few cases were they advanced to levels which would insure a permanent supply of mature well-trained teachers. The great majority of American communities must face squarely and frankly the problem of still further increasing the salaries of their educational workers. This will require recognition of the primary importance of education. It may require a new emphasis on values. It will require careful study and reorganization of methods of revenue raising. It will require state aid and federal aid, but it must be done. Democracy in its great hour of trial cannot afford to undermine the source of its strength and security-the school. It cannot afford not to pay salaries that will insure to every child in the nation a competent and well-trained teacher."

President Jones, of the Department of Superintendence, National Education Association, has provided space in the exhibit hall, Lighter Building, Chicago, Ill., to be used during the coming meeting of the Association for exhibiting non-commercial high spots and helpful aids from schools throughout the country. The exhibit will contain record forms, publicity material, new courses of study, annual reports, tests, vocational guidance material, Americanization work, photographs, graphs, letters to teachers, school magazines, etc. With the co-operation of school superintendents, the exhibit will be prepared and conducted by the Institute for Public Service. All readers, especially rural schools and teacher-training schools, are invited to send material that will be widely helpful if shown, to the Schoolmen's Exhibit, 1125 Amsterdam Avenue, New York City.

Book Reviews

So many books are sent to this department of EDUCATION that it is impessible to review them all. Naturally we feel under obligation to give preference to the books of those publishing houses which more or less frequently use our advertising pages. Outside of the limitations thus set, we shall usually be able and glad to mention by title, authors, and publishers, such books as are sent to us for this purpose. More elaborate notices will necessarily be conditional upon our convenience and the character of the books themselves.

THE VOICE OF SCIENCE IN NINETEENTH-CENTURY LITERA

TURE. Representative Prose and Verse. Selected and arranged by Robert Emmons Rogers, Assistant Professor of English in Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and with an Introduction by Henry Greenleaf Pearson, Head of the Department of English and History in the same institution. The Atlantic Monthly Press.

This book consists in selections from the characteristic writings of Sir Michael Foster, Matthew Arnold, Thomas Huxley, John Tyndall, Cardinal Newman, Robert Louis Stevenson, John Ruskin, etc. As explained in the Introduction: "These writers lived intensely

in the life of their own generation; conscious of a clearer perception of the truth, and possessing a voice that men could hear, they sought to lead their companions out of the wilderness." Grouping them in this book and giving some of their most characteristic utterances, enables the modern reader to estimate not only their ability to see and declare the fundamental truths, but it also establishes the unity of the truths revealed in all ages and underlying all phenomena and modes of thought. It gives a wide sweep to vision and the universe is seen as one orderly whole. This is a good book to carry along on a summer vacation, for mental food in the intervals of play. It would be well to study and discuss its chapters in the English class room or the Science lecture

room.

THE ATLANTIC BOOK OF MODERN PLAYS. Edited, with Introduction, Comment and Annotated Bibliography, by Sterling Andrus Leonard. The Atlantic Monthly Press.

In the "Foreword" the Editor points out the fact that "play-publications," and especially the one-act drama, are usurping the place of the short story in the esteem of the reading public. The result is that a large amount of good and bad dramas are appearing and naturally we find the high school classes and others reacting to them, and should have some carefully chosen bases for our judgments of this class of productions. This volume furnishes exceptionally helpful guidance along this line. There is a thoughtful and discriminating "Introduction" on

the reading of plays, followed by more than a dozen of the best ones for amateur use; also Questions for Discussion, Notes on the Dramas and Dramatists, and the Bibliography above referred to. This is a volume with a mission.

HEALTH EDUCATION AND THE NUTRITION CLASS. A report of the Bureau of Educational Experiments. Hunt, Johnson and Lincoln, Joint Authors. E. P. Dutton & Company, publishers. Price $3.50.

This book is attracting the attention of educators as an earnest, frank and honest presentation of the results of studies and experimentation of three well-qualified workers in the Bureau of Educational Experiments, New York City. The descriptive and educational sections of the book are by Jean Lee Hunt; the studies of height, weight and mental measurements by Buford J. Johnson, Ph.D.; and the report on physical examinations (1919-1920) by Edith M. Lincoln, M.D. The Bureau of Educational Experiments has been at work for several years, along new lines of experiment and investigation, and is dominated by a spirit of absolute and scientific honesty and frankness, seeking to discover facts and truth, whithersoever these may lead. This new book is the result of investigations along one line. The Bureau's investigations in the field of health and nutrition, and their nutrition class at Public School 64, Manhattan, have been pioneer work, and have started similar investigations elsewhere throughout a wide field. It is believed that the results have been on the whole very beneficial, though there may have been a tendency in some quarters to claim too much for the nutrition idea.

Such questions as: "What is the Nutrition Class?" "What can it do for us?" "Is it a passing fad?" "Will it prove to be a substantial addition to the Public Welfare?" are answered carefully, and tentatively, in this volume, which, like the experiments upon which it is based, is permeated by a thoroughly modern scientific spirit, the facts being stated and the greatest care being taken to leave the reader to draw conclusions according to his comprehension of them and the principles underlying them. We thoroughly admire the spirit and methods of the (as we understand, privately endowed) organization which has undertaken these studies and made this book possible.

BRITAIN IN THE MIDDLE AGES. A History for Beginners. By Florence Bowman. Cambridge University Press. G. P. Putnam's Sons. Paper.

A vivid presentation of an important and interesting period of human history.

THE CALL OF EDUCATION.

By J. H. Doyle. Volume I, Biological Integrity, published by the author. Address, The J. H. Doyle Company, Hammond, Indiana. Price $3.00 net.

A book of 289 pages, written in a very positive style and permeated by the author's personality. He believes his book to be "The profoundest treatment of education since the days of Plato." He says his book is "The one book that leaves feathers and fodder and turns to foundations," "The book that camps on the trail of one mighty thought from the first page to the last," "A revelation in the retilling of a field that has been scratched and rooted for centuries," "The minute microscopic analysis that classifies chimney stuff in education where it belongswith fool's gold," "The most critical, the most controversial, the most fundamental exposition in all literature of any deeply intrenched con. cept of civilization."

After these claims in the author's own words, printed on the paper jacket of the volume, we feel sure that no further review is necessary in EDUCATION. The reader will recognize the note of originality and freshness and will not hesitate to hazard the paltry sum of $3.00 to obtain the benefit of such stores of educational lore and inspiration.

VIRGINIA PUBLIC SCHOOLS: PART II, EDUCATIONAL TESTS. By M. E. Haggerty. With an Introduction by Alexander J. Inglis, Director of the Virginia Survey. The World Book Company.

This volume will be of deep interest to all who are studying the subject of educational tests. It throws special, new light upon Southern educational conditions and problems. More than 1,600 children in different types of schools were examined by standardized objective tests. The results give standards for some of the well-known tests in typical Southern conditions. The price is $2.40, with a third off on orders for two or more copies.

NATURE-STUDY AGRICULTURE. By W. T. Skilling, State Normal School, San Diego, California. World Book Company Price $1.68.

This book is written from a new point of view. Its style is simple and admirably adapted to sixth or seventh grade pupils. The essentials of agriculture are fully covered and presented in a manner well calculated to interest the young student. A list of Observations and Experiments follows each chapter. These encourage original work on the part of the pupils. There are many excellent illustrations. We particularly approve the chapter on "The Farmer's Feathered Helpers." An excellent text-book that should be introduced in every elementary school in the land.