main-tain', main'te-nance man ́tel, man ́tle re-peat', rep-e-ti'tion rhythm, rid ́i-cule meant, mean'ness mys'ter-y, mys'ti-fy nec ́es-sa-ry, ne-ces'si-ty o-blige', o-blig'ing oc-ca'sion, oc'cu-py oc-cur'rence, op-por-tune' op'er-ate, op'po-site par ́al-lel, par ́a-mount partner, par-tic ́i-pate passed, past planed, planned pose, pos-ses'sion pre-cede', pro-ceed' prin'ci-pal, prin ́ci-ple priv'i-lege, sac'ri-lege pro-fes ́sion, pro-fes ́sor pro-nounce', pro-nun-ci-a'tion rap, wrap re-cede', re-cep ́ta-cle rec-ol-lect', rec-om-mend' re-pair', rep-a-ra'tion sac-ri-le'gious (§ 423) sen'tence, sen'ti-ment shone, shown speak'er, speech ́less stat'ue, stat'ute, stat'ure suc-ceed', su-per-sede' sym'me-try, syn'o-nym their, there, they're (= they are) to-pog'ra-phy, ty-pogʻra-phy tragic, trag'e-dy veg'e-ta-ble, veg ́e-tate village, villain, vis ́i-ble weath ́er, wheth ́er who's (= who is), whose wreath, wreathe your, you're (= you are) 402. Pronunciation of Latin and Greek. In pronouncing words of Latin or Greek origin observe the following rules (for a table of sounds and letters, and for words frequently mispronounced, see § 423; for the effect of the accent on the forms of French and English words, see § 599, N.): A at the end of an accented syllable has the sound of a in face (not the sound of a in ask): Apparatus (ap-a-rā'tus), candelabra (can-de-lā ́bra), gratis (grā ́tis), verbatim (ver-bā'tĭm). Æ and a have the sound that e would have in the sarne position: Cæsar (sē zar), Ætna (ĕt ́na), alumnæ (a-lŭm ́nē), Crœsus (krē ́sus). C and g (or gg) have the soft sound (cs; g or gg=j) before e, i, y, æ, œ, eu; they have the hard sound (c or cc=k; g or ggg in go or get) before a, o, u, and elsewhere: Cicero (sis ́er-o), Cyrus (si'rus), Cæsar (sē ́zar), Ægeus (ē ́jūs), receive (re-sēv ́), agitate (ǎj ́î-tāt), exaggerate (ĕg-zăj ́er-āt), fungi (fŭn ́jī). Captive (kǎp'tiv), conduct (kon ́dukt), cure (kūr), account (a-kount'), accretion (a-krē ́shun), gastric (găs ́trik), mimic (mîm'îk), mimicking (k is added to preserve the hard sound of c), govern (gŭv ́ern), disgust (dis-gust'), aggregate (ǎg re-gāt). NOTE. In words like accept (ǎk-sĕpt'), access (ăk ́sĕs), and accident (ǎk'sĭ-dent) the second is soft and the first c hard, according to the rule. Words like get, begin, gift, give, and girdle, in which g has the hard sound, are not of Latin or Greek origin. Ch has the sound of k (a few exceptions, such as chapter, chart, church, although derived from Latin and Greek, do not come directly from these languages; see the dictionary): Achilles (a-kil'ēz), character (kăr ́ak-ter), charta (kär ́ta), chorus (kō'rus), chrysalis (kris ́a-lis), orchestra (ôr ́kĕs-tra). E at the end of an accented syllable has the sound of e in bē; es at the end of a word has the sound of ēz: Hysteria (his-tē ́ri-a), ellipses (ĕ-līp ́sēz). I at the end of an accented syllable or of a word has the sound of i in pine: Appendicitis (a-pěn-di-sï'tis), alumni (a-lŭm'ni). Y at the end of an accented syllable has the sound of y in by (but words beginning with hypo- vary, and should be looked up in the dictionary): Hydra (hi'dra), Cyrus (si'rus), hypercritical (hiper-krit ́î-kăl). 403. Anglo-Saxon prefixes. A knowledge of Anglo-Saxon prefixes will give a better understanding of many common English words : a- (a remnant of on), on, in, at: aboard, asleep, alive, aloft, across. be-, about, all about, all round, over: beset, besiege, bedaub, besmear, besmudge, bespatter, bechalk, beguile, befriend (act the friend of), bespeak ('speak round or over, discuss', a meaning now obsolete; it now usually means 'speak for ahead, engage'). for-, forth, away, gone, thoroughly (often with the idea of risk, disadvantage, or loss): forbid, forget, forgive, forgo, forsake. fore-, before: foretell, forebode, forecastle, forenoon. in-, in: inlet, insight, income, inlay, inbred, indeed, inroad. mis-, ill, wrongly: misbehavior, mislead, miscount, misspent, mislay, mishap, mistake, misdeed, misdemeanor. out-, out, outer, outside, beyond: outflow, output, outfield, outdistrict, outdoor, outhouse, outrun, outdo, outlast. over-, over, beyond, in excess: overthrow, overcoat, oversight, overload, overdo, overheat, overgrown, overfed. un-, not (with verbs it denotes the opposite action or intensifies): unkind, untrue, unmoral, un-Homeric; unlock, unloose. under-, under, insufficient: underground, underhand, underline, underdose, underload, underfed. 404. Anglo-Saxon suffixes. A knowledge of Anglo-Saxon suffixes will also give a better understanding of many common English words: -dom, dominion, state: kingdom, dukedom, Christendom, freedom, serfdom, thraldom, wisdom. -er (-ier, -yer), agent (compare -or and -tor, § 406), person connected with, and the like: player, maker, hatter, glazier, lawyer. -ful (from full), full of, quantity that would fill: beautiful, graceful, awful, mournful, cupful, teaspoonful, handful. -hood, state, condition: manhood, boyhood, girlhood, childhood, knighthood, neighborhood, falsehood, likelihood. -ie (-y), little (of endearment or playfulness): Bessie, Charlie, kitty, dearie, doggie, Johnny, pussy, Tommy. -ish, belonging to, like (often denoting an undesirable quality): Scottish, bluish, bookish, boyish, childish, mannish. -kin, little: lambkin, manikin, napkin, Wilkinson (= William, -kin, son), Watkins (Wat = Walter). -less, without, unable to: friendless, spotless, fearless, witless. -like, resembling: childlike, dovelike, bell-like, Apollo-like. -ling, little, contemptuous: gosling, nestling, sapling, darling (little dear), hireling, underling, worldling. -ness, quality: goodness, greatness, kindness, greenness, darkness, weakness, sweetness. -ship, state, office, skill: friendship, clerkship, authorship, scholarship, marksmanship, horsemanship. -ster, person: songster, spinster, huckster, dabster, youngster. -ward (-wards), direction to: eastward, homeward, downward. -ways (-wise), way, manner: endways, lengthwise, otherwise. 405. Latin prefixes. The study of Latin prefixes is best undertaken with the study of Latin roots and stems (§ 407; see §§ 390, 391): abs- (ab-, â-), away from: abstain (see ten-, § 407), abduct, abstract, abuse, abdicate, abrupt, avert, aversion, avocation, abhor, abscess. ad- (ac-, af-, ag-, al-, an-, ap-, ar-, as-, at-, a-), to: adhere, adjective, adverb, advent, accede, accept, accessory, affix, affinity, affiliate, aggregate, aggressor, allure, ally, allusion, annex, announce, appendage, apply, appeal, arrive, assist (stand by), assent, assign, assume (take to yourself, undertake, suppose), attach, attract, attain, ascend (climb to), ascribe. ambi- (amb-, am-), on both sides, about, round: ambient, ambidextrous, ambiguous, ambiguity, ambition, amble, ambulatory, somnambulist, perambulate, preamble, amputate. ante- (anti-), before: anteroom, antecedent, anterior, antediluvian, antiquity, anticipate (seize beforehand, prevent), ante-Norman. bis- (bi-, two, twice: biped, bimonthly, biennial, biweekly (see weekly, § 417), biconvex, bilabial, bilateral, bicycle, bilingual, bisect, bivalve, biscuit (twice baked), bisulphide (compare dis-, disulphide, § 408). circum-, round: circumnavigate, circumlocution, circumvent, circumstance, circumference, circumscribe. com- (col-, con-, cor-, co-), with, together: compound, collect, collision, colloquy, connect, consonant, contact, contagious, contend, conduct, correspond, correlative, corrupt, coöperate, coequal, coeducation, congregation, coincidence. contra- (contro-, counter-), against: contradict, contrary, controversy, counteract, counterbalance, counterfeit, countersign, country (the land over against you, the landscape confronting you). de-, from, down from: decay, deciduous, depend, defend, descend, describe, depart, devious, deposit, decapitate, dethrone, decolorize, denaturalize, delocalize, deform. dis- (dif-, di-), asunder, apart: disjoin, dismiss, discuss, distrust, disaster, differ, diffuse, difficulty, diffident, dispute, dissect, indigestion, disease, disgrace, dissuade, disgust, disappoint, disappear, dispose (put at intervals, arrange). ex- (ef-, e-; compare Greek ex-, § 408), out of: evade, except, extend, extort, express, efface, effect, effluvium, effluence, emigrant, event, elect, eject, elude, eradicate, exclude, exhume, exaggerate, exonerate, ex-president (out of office of president), ex-captain. extra-, outside of: extravagant, extrahistoric, extra-European. in- (il-, im-, ir-, em-, en-), into: inject, indent, invade, inaugurate, income, inundate, incite, induce, illuminate (throw light on), imbibe, immigrant, import, impose (place on), impel, impede (entangle the feet), irruption, embody, embroil, embrace, envelop, encourage. in- (ig-, i-, il-, im-, ir-), not: incurable, inability, inaccurate, insecure, intact, ignoble, ignore, ignorant, ignoramus, illegal, illiterate, illegible, immortal, improper, impecunious, impurity, irregular, innocent, infant. inter-, between, among: interpose, intercede, interrupt, interfere, intercourse, interjection, intermission, intervene, inter-Celtic. intro-(intra-), within: introduce, introductory, introspection, intro active, intramarginal, intramural, intramolecular, intramundane. non-, not: nonsense, nonexistent, nonproductive, non-Greek. ob- (oc-, of-, op‐, os-), before, facing, against: obstacle, obstruct, obtrude, object (something thrown before you), obvious, obviate, occur, offend, offer, oppose, opponent, opportune (before the harbor, timely), opposite, ostensible, ostentatious, obtain (secure possession of in the face of opposition, as in 'He obtained the prize'; see ten-, § 407). pen-, almost: penult, antepenult, peninsula, penumbra. per- (pel-), through, thoroughly: perennial, perforce, perhaps, perceive, percussion, perdition, perfect, perforated, perfume, perish, perpetual, persecute, person (mask through which an actor spoke), pervious, perplexed (thoroughly entangled), pertinacious, perturb, pellucid. post-, after: postscript, postpone, posthumous, p.m. (post meridiem), postern, posterity, post-Augustan. præ-(pre-), before: prænomen, precede, predict, premature, preface (say beforehand), prevent (come before, anticipate), precipice |