similar to (one thing to another); similarly to (one thing situated, used, etc., to another). stand: by (a person); for (a thing); in (your own light); to (your oars); up for (a person or thing); up to (obligation). suffer: from (headache, a breakdown); under (a king). suitable for (a purpose); to (an occasion). sympathy for, with (a person in his distress). In sympathy with (nature, a thing; with a person in a thing). take: after (a person); at (his word); for (a friend); in (subscriptions, lodgers, new notions, the meaning of a thing); into (his head); on (extra men, an appearance); on or upon (yourself); to (heart, task); up (a matter); up with (a person); taken up with (sorrow, reflections). talk about or of (a person or thing); over (a person or thing); to or with (a person). thirst after or for (a thing); to (do something). tinker: at (a thing). (Not 'with'; but, He tinkered at the lock with a file.) tired: from (waiting); of (delay, waiting); with (exertions). transplant: into (a person or thing into a new place, country). treat for (peace); of (different subjects); to (a person to a thing, to tea and cake); with (electricity, a nation). A treatise on (botany, ethics). unite to (him to your cause); with (us in the song). vexed: at (a thing); with (a person). view of (in view of the past, the facts); to (with a view to doing something). wait for (a person or thing); on (a person). 288. A, an. The preposition The preposition a (an) is used in certain idiomatic expressions and in compound words: 1. Twice a day, five miles an hour. (Here a, an, is now commonly regarded as the indefinite article; § 139.) 2. Set the clock a going (or a-going). (§ 224.) 3. Aboard, above, abreast, afire, afloat, afoot, ahead, alive, ashore, aside, asleep, asunder. 289. Per. Except in a few phrases like per annum, per cent (perhaps from per centum), and per se (= by itself, by themselves) the preposition per is confined to scientific and commercial language, in expressions denoting rate (see a, an, § 139, 4): 1. He has an income of five hundred dollars per annum. 2. What rate per cent is paid? (See per cent, § 417.) 3. Five per cent of the material is enough. (§ 205, 15.) 4. Fifty per cent of the population were uneducated. (§ 205.) 5. The thing is (things are) worth nothing per se. 6. The pendulum makes sixty vibrations per minute. (Physics.) 7. Flour at twenty dollars per barrel. (Commerce.) 290. In, into. The preposition into (not 'in ') should be used to denote motion to a point within : 1. You may walk in the garden. 2. You may walk into the garden. NOTE. In Anglo-Saxon (§ 601) the preposition in meant 'in' when used with the dative case, and 'into' when used with the accusative case (§§ 604, 606). The two cases became alike in form, and into was substituted for in when used with the accusative. Remnants of the early use of in meaning 'into' still survive in certain long-established idioms with verbs like break, cut, fall, lay, put: 'break in two', 'cut in pieces', 'fall in love' (compare 'fall in the street', 'fall into the street'). 291. Of. The form o' occurs in some phrases like o'clock (=of the clock) and will-o'-the-wisp, and in dialectal and colloquial use (§ 380); but O' in Irish names means 'descendant': At the turn o' the tide (dialect). John Boyle O'Reilly. 292. On to. The preposition 'onto' for on, to, into, and the like, is not established by good usage; it is easily avoided: 1. We walked on to the next town. 2. Do not step on the grass. (Not onto'.) 4. He tumbled into a chair. (Not 'onto'.) 5. He climbed up and got on the roof. (Not onto '.) 293. At, in, on. In expressions of locality at is used of towns, small cities, and small islands; in is used of large cities; in is used of streets and squares (this has been the usage for centuries; on is an American colloquialism; see § 417, N.): 1. He lives at Bradford; at Newton; at Malta. 2. My friends are in Chicago; in New Orleans; in Omaha. 3. She uttereth her voice in the streets. THE BIBLE. 4. A shopkeeper in Whitecross Street. DEFOE. 5. At Mrs. Bardell's, in Goswell Street. - DICKENS. 6. When he is in town, he lives in Soho Square. ADDISON. 7. My lot of ground in Arch Street. FRANKLIN. 8. I shall think you mean to keep me in Grub Street.-Lowell. 9. An office in Lombard Street. - LEONARD MERRICK. 10. But, The house fronts on Ware Street, on Adams Square. NOTE. The preposition corresponding to in is used with streets and squares in French, German, Spanish, and various other modern languages. The expression 'They were on the streets' means that they were dependent on the streets for a living. ९ 294. On, round. Do not use upon and around to the exclusion of on and round. The use of around' (or 'round'), which means on all sides, as an adverb for about in the sense of here and there, near, is an American colloquialism (§ 380); so, also, the use of around' as an adverb for round: 1. Agree on; based on; call on; depend on; enter on; fall back on; insist on; look on; march on; rely on; on his return. 2. She did not stop to look round her. 3. We gathered round the fire. 4. They live round the next corner. 5. He travels about the country. (Not 'around'.) 6. Sit (Stand, Hang, Fool) about. (Not around'.) 7. There are just enough oranges to go round. (Not'around'.) 8. A hall, hung round with many old portraits. (Not 'around'.) 9. They wake up the neighbors for a mile round. (Not 'around'.) 10. He's an all-round man. (Not 'all-around'.) 295. Aware that, etc. Adjectives like aware, certain, uncertain, positive, and sure may be modified by a prepositional phrase or by a clause: 1. We were aware of his coming. 2. We were aware that he came. 3. They were uncertain how he escaped. 296. Have been to. For this idiom with to, see § 245. (Exercise XXVII, § 572.) THE CONJUNCTION 297. Conjunction. A conjunction is a word used to connect words, phrases, or clauses. Conjunctions are coördinating or subordinating. 298. Coördinating conjunctions. The coördinating conjunctions are and, but, for, nor, or; both... and; either ...or; neither... nor. They connect words, phrases, or clauses of the same kind, or order; and, but, for, nor, or, connect sentences also (see Ex. 9, 10): 1. Father and mother will go with us. 2. They live in a small but beautiful house. (§ 476.) 3. He works at Wilmington or at Dover. 4. His youngest son, whom he most loved, and to whom he had given everything, had gone away. 5. We searched, but we could not find anything. 6. He is not only bright, but studious. (§ 476.) 7. I stayed at home; for I had work to do. (§ 476.) 8. We did not wait, nor did we wish to do so. 9. They refused. But they will not always refuse. 10. He could not return. Or did he not wish to return? 11. He is both bright and studious. 12. He is either bright or studious. 13. He is neither bright nor studious. NOTE. This list includes all the coördinating conjunctions, according to the report of the English joint committee. The words in pairs, both. and, either. . . or, neither ... nor, are sometimes called correlative conjunctions. Such words as also (§ 273), consequently, hence, so, therefore (§ 262, 6), still, and yet (§ 262, 7) are not conjunctions, but adverbs (§ 252); they are preceded by a semicolon (§ 483) or a period, unless accompanied by and (and so, and therefore, and yet, etc. Of course and so, etc., may also be preceded by a semicolon or period). See so, § 417. 299. Conjunction omitted or repeated. When several words, phrases, or clauses are connected by and, but, nor, or or, the conjunction is usually omitted except with the last; but for emphasis it may be repeated: 1. The oranges were good, bad, and indifferent. 2. They had music and song and athletic contests. 300. Punctuation. For the punctuation with and, or, or nor in a series, see § 467; for but and for, see § 476. Study the following examples of or and nor in negative sentences; or is used to connect words or phrases, and nor to connect clauses; nor is preceded by a comma or semicolon: 1. They have no trade or commerce. They have no ships, nor have they wood to make them. 2. It was not kind or just. It was not kind, nor was it just. 3. He heeded not me or my sorrow. 4. We had no revolutions to fear, nor [did we have; § 347] fatigues to undergo. GOLDSMITH. 5. He did not wish to be unkind or to seem so. (Here or may have a comma before it to set the phrase off rhetorically, as an added thought; § 474.) He did not wish to be unkind; nor [did he wish] to seem so. 301. Verb with or, nor. For the agreement of the verb in sentences containing or or nor, see § 202. |