limitations of time or opportunity to stop here, content with a mastery of the subject-matter and some insight into the peculiarities of the author's style; but the most valuable fruit of the study of Macaulay's "Life of Johnson" yet remains to be gathered. The real opportunity of

both teacher and student lies in the fact that Johnson is the central literary figure of the later eighteenth century, and that Macaulay's "Life," because of its many allusions and cross references, is one of the best starting points for a study of that interesting period in the history of English life and letters. Into that rich field the 'Life of Johnson" should be the gate. Though mentioned last, this study may go along with the work described in I. and II. Subjects for special investigation should be assigned to different pupils, and compositions on them read before the class. Books, or chapters in books, may be appointed for supplementary or home reading. The student who, taking the "Life of Johnson" as a starting point, will read along the lines suggested by Macaulay's allusions, will be surprised to find how his horizon will be enlarged and his thinking be enriched. To assist in this. important part of the study, a fairly full list of books has been given in the Bibliography, and a few hints for the guidance of the student have been embodied in the Critical Note.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

1. Macaulay. The authorized edition of Macaulay's Works is that edited by his sister, Lady Trevelyan, and published in eight volumes by Longmans, Green, and Co. The same publishers issue various cheap editions of the several works. The "Life and Letters of Lord Macaulay," 2 vols., by his nephew, Sir G. Otto Trevelyan, is the standard biography, and a most readable book. The story of Macaulay's connection with the Edinburgh Review may be traced

in "Selections from the Correspondence of the late Macvey Napier." The best short biography is by J. Cotter' Morrison in the English Men of Letters Series. Still shorter are the articles on Macaulay in the "Encyclopædia Britannica," by Mark Pattison, and in the "Dictionary of National Biography," by Mr. Leslie Stephen. The best critical essays are by Walter Bagehot in "Literary Studies," vol. ii.; Mr. Leslie Stephen, in "Hours in a Library," vol. iii.; Mr. John Morley in "Miscellanies," vol. ii., reprinted in Brewster's "Studies in Structure and Style" (Macmillan); and J. C. Morrison in his "Life." See also W. E. Gladstone's "Gleanings of Past Years." Minto's "Manual of English Prose Literature" contains a study of Macaulay's style with reference to technical rhetoric.

2. Johnson. The standard edition of Johnson's Works is the Oxford Classic Edition, 11 vols. "Rasselas" has

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been reprinted in many editions; among the best are those of Prof. F. N. Scott (Leach, Shewell, and Sanborn) and Prof. O. F. Emerson (Henry Holt and Co.). The Rambler and the Idler are separately printed in the series. of "British Essayists," or may be consulted in G. B. Hill's "Select Essays of Samuel Johnson" (Macmillan). The "Vanity of Human Wishes" is in Syle's "From Milton to Tennyson; " both it and "London," are in Hales's "Longer English Poems." The Lives of the Poets" may be had in the ten cent National Library (Cassell Publishing Co.), or in the Bohn Library, 3 vols. A selection of the "Six Chief Lives" (Milton, Dryden, Swift, Addison, Pope, and Gray) has been edited by Matthew Arnold (Macmillan; Holt). The best edition of Boswell's 'Life of Johnson" is that edited by Mr. G. Birkbeck Hill (6 vols. Macmillan; Harper), a work that contains a wealth of supplementary material, and, with its admirable index, is one of the best reference books on eighteenth cen

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tury life and literature. Other editions in order of importance are Napier's, Mr. Henry Morley's (Routledge), and Croker's (Bohn). All of these contain many interesting pictures. A condensed "Boswell," "relieved from passages of obsolete interest," is published by Henry Holt and Co. Mrs. Piozzi's "Anecdotes of Doctor Johnson," first published in 1786, may be had in the cheap National Series (Cassell); but everything of importance in the " Anecdotes is included in the notes to Hill's Boswell." The same remark is true of Sir John Hawkins's "Life of Johnson," published in 1787. The Correspondence of Johnson and Mrs. Thrale is printed, in part, in Scoone's "Four Centuries of English Letters.'

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Of modern critical biographies of Johnson the best is by Mr. Leslie Stephen in the English Men of Letters Series. This keen critic is also the author of the sketch in the

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Dictionary of National Biography." Lieutenant-Colonel Grant's "Johnson," in the Great Writers Series, contains a bibliography to the year 1887. Among critical studies should be mentioned Landor's "Imaginary Conversations between Samuel Johnson and John Horne Tooke; " Mr. Leslie Stephen's "Dr. Johnson's Writings " in "Hours in a Library," vol. ii.; Carlyle's "Essay on Boswell's Life of Johnson," which may be regarded as a reply to Macaulay's essay on the same subject; Mr. A. Birrell's "Dr. Johnson" in "Obiter Dicta," Second Series; Mr. G. Birkbeck Hill's "Dr. Johnson, his Friends, and his Critics;" and chapters in Taine's "History of English Literature," Minto's "Manual of English Prose Literature," and Gosse's "History of Eighteenth Century Literature." For the life of Boswell, apart from Johnson, see "Boswelliana: the Commonplace Book of James Boswell " (London: 1874), and Mr. Leslie Stephen's "Boswell" in the "Dictionary of National Biography."

3. Eighteenth Century History and Literature. For

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political history Gardiner's "Student's History of England" (Longmans) is probably the most convenient book for general use. Chapter iii. of Macaulay's "History should be within reach; and Green's "Short History of the English People" is always valuable. Macaulay's Essays on "Horace Walpole," the "Earl of Chatham," Madame D'Arblay,' Addison," and "Oliver Goldsmith," all treat of this period. Among special histories should be mentioned W. E. H. Lecky's "History of England in the Eighteenth Century," especially chapters iv., ix., and xxiii.; Edmund Gosse's "History of Eighteenth Century Literature" (the best sketch of the literature of the period); and Mr. Leslie Stephen's "History of English Thought in the Eighteenth Century." Additional illustrations of the life of this period will be found in the Tatler and the Spectator; Madame D'Arblay's “ Diary and Letters" and "Early Journals; " Horace Walpole's "Letters; " Nichol's "Literary Anecdotes of the Eighteenth Century; " and Thackeray's "Lectures on the Four Georges.

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4. London. Maps of London may be had in all sizes and styles from Rand, McNally, and Co. Baedeker's "Handbook for London," with its excellent maps and full index, is useful. For information about London of the eighteenth century see Wheatley's "London, Past and Present," 3 vols.; Hutton's "Literary Landmarks of London; " Lemon's "Up and Down the London Streets; " Hare's "Walks in London; " and Mr. Walter Besant's "London" (Harpers; published originally in Harper's Magazine, June, 1892).

EXAMINATION QUESTIONS

THE following questions may be of some service to teachers and students by way of indicating possible methods of examination.

1. Show, by analysis, the grammatical structure of the last sentence in paragraph 41 (page 36). Parse which (36 9), hammer (36 12).

2. Comment in detail on the structure of the sentences in paragraph 32 (page 23). What can you say of the length of the sentences and their arrangement in the paragraph? By party (23 20) does Macaulay mean one or more persons?

3. Explain the meaning (and, if important for that purpose, give the derivation) of the following words: desultory (3 18), ceruse (6 31), novice (8 25), ordinaries (9 21), alamode (9 21), sycophancy (9 28), rabbis (13 23), maundered (34 8), poetasters (39 3), mitigated (43 20).

4. Explain, as fully as possible, the following references and allusions: such an author as Thomson (8 17); "the Senate of Lilliput" (10 17); the Capulets against the Montagues (10 29, 30); Grub Street (14 26); Drury Lane Theatre (16 35). This species of composition had been brought into fashion by the success of the Tatler, and by the still more brilliant success of the Spectator (18 5-7); witty as Lady Mary (20 9, 10); Johnson has frequently blamed Shakspeare for neglecting the proprieties of time and place (23 27-29); Cock Lane Ghost (26 31); Macpherson, whose "Fingal" had been proved to be an impudent forgery (36 4, 5).