2. The principal ranges of the eastern continent trend east and west, those of the western continent north and south. These statements are very general and subject to exceptions and qualifications. 3. The word watershed is now used by scientific geographers to designate the slope from a divide to a stream. The elevated line which separates one stream basin from another is called a divide. The ridgepole of a roof is a divide, the slopes on either side are watersheds. The most important divides in the United States are those of the Rocky Mountains and of the Appalachian Mountains.

4. Vegetation depends upon the soil for anchorage, water and other food. It depends upon climate for the supply of water and for heat and light which furnish energy for growth. The character of vegetation depends upon the varying qualities of soil and climate.

5. Indianapolis near the center of the state, Evansville on the Ohio, Fort Wayne on the Maumee in the northeastern part, Terre Haute on the Wabash in the west central part, South Bend on the St. Joseph in the northern part. Indianapolis is near the center of the triangle bounded by the Mississippi, the Ohio and the Great Lakes, in the midst of a rich agricultural country and near the coal and gas fields, and has become one of the greatest railroad centers in the United States. Evansville is the river port of the Indiana coal field. Fort Wayne is about midway between Chicago, Columbus, Toledo and Indianapolis, in a good agricultural and timber producing region. Terre Haute is in the coal field and the most productive part of the corn belt. South Bend, situated in a direct line between Lakes Erie and Michigan, originally on account of the possession of water power, has developed great manufactures of wagons, plows, sewing machines and wood novelties.

6. The north temperate zone crosses large land masses of varying elevation, and has a great variety of vegetation, tundras, coniferous forests, deciduous forests, prairies, steppes and deserts. The south temperate zone lies mostly over the ocean, and presents less variety. It has tundras, coniferous forests, grassy steppes and deserts.

7. Climate determines the vegetable and animal products of a country, and thus the occupations, industries, and social condition of the people. It also affects directly their dwellings, clothing, and habits of life.

8. This should be shown by personal observation of the relief, soil, drainage, climate, and natural products of the home neighborhood as constituting its physical geography. Thereby a study of the relation of these to the occupations and social life of the people and to the location and character of dwellings, villages, cities, roads, manufactures, commerce, etc., the real meaning of political geography, may be made clear.

9. The most common minerals are earth, water, and air. Two or more of them are found everywhere. The next most useful minerals are coal and iron, found in Indiana and other places too numerous to mention. Third-grade pupils should be set to observing and reporting instances of their usefulness. The necessarily finite limits of THE INLAND EDUCATOR precludes a full answer to this question.

10. Show by means of a globe and lamp how the shape of the earth causes the sun's rays to

7. What is the spleen, and what are its supposed functions? 8. Describe the skin and state its functions.

1. "Origin" and "insertion" are terms applied to the places of attachment of muscles to bones by means of tendons. The term "origin" is applied to the attachment of the tendon at the end where there is the least motion, while the term "insertion" is applied to the opposite end where there is most motion.

2. (a) When, the heel being raised from the ground, the foot is extended, so that the toes tap the ground, the resistance is at the toes, the power is applied by the muscles inserted at the heel, the fulcrum being at the ankle joint between the two. This is a lever of the first class.

(b) When the body is raised on the toes, the fulcrum is at the toes, the power is applied at the heel, and the weight is that of the body, which falls on the foot at the ankle, between the heel and toes. Such is a lever of the second class.

(c) When the foot is bent, as in raising the toes, the fulcrum is at the ankle joint, the weight at the toes, and the power is applied by the flexor muscles between the two. Lever of the third class.

3. The gray matter of the brain is composed entirely of nerve cells, which are always gray in color, while the white matter is composed mostly of nerve fibers having a covering of fat, which gives to the mass a white appearance. This white covering is known as the medullary coat of the nerve.

4. The nutritious part of the blood is the serum albumen, and it is distributed throughout the body by the plasma in which it is held in solution. By the process of osmosis it passes through the walls of the capillaries into the lymph with which the tissues are bathed constantly.

5. It is the function of the lungs to furnish a medium by which the oxygen supply of the blood may be replenished, and the excess of carbon dioxide eliminated.

6. For the anatomy of the heart consult' the "Indiana series" or some other good text-book on physiology.

7. The spleen or melt is a soft purplish organ occupying about the same position on the left side of the body as the liver does on the right. It is one of the ductless glands, and differs very little in structure from ordinary lymphatic glands, except that blood passes through it instead of lymph. Then, it contains in its pulp some large cells (Malpighian corpuscles) which are supposed to

destroy some of the worn out red globules of the blood.

Of the function of the spleen little is known, and the organ can be entirely removed with apparently no injury to the body. But, since it contains a great amount of lymphatic tissue, it is entirely reasonable to say that it gives rise to new white corpuscles Then, as stated above, the Malphigian cells may be said to destroy some decrepit red corpuscles.

Some physiologists have said that red corpuscles are formed in the spleen. This is not true, except during foetal life and for a short time after birth.

Recently a few physiologists have put forth the idea that a kind of ferment, the nature of which is not understood, is formed in the spleen, which, on being carried (by the blood) to the pancreas, changes the trypsinogen of that gland to trypsin. Noted physiologists, however, do not support this view.

8. The skin consists of two layers; an outer wholly cellular (the epidermis) and an inner layer, which is mostly connective tissue, with some nerves, blood-vessels, glands, connective-tissue corpuscles, and nodules of fat. This layer is called the dermis or true skin.*

The function of the epidermis is clearly that of protection for the more delicate structures beneath it.

The true skin is an excretory organ, as some urea is eliminated by the sweat glands. The perspiration flowing from its glands has much to do with regulating the temperature of the body. Then, the little tactile corpuscles are special endings of the nerves concerned in the sense of touch.

ARITHMETIC.

1. Eleven seconds elapse between the time when see the flash and hear the report of the signal gun of a warship out at sea. How long will it require for that ship whose speed is 20 knots an hour to cover the distance between us if sound travels 1,090 feet per second?

2. Write ten problems for a class beginning the study of long division in the order in which you would assign the problems. Give a reason for the place in the list that you give to each of the ten problems.

3. What will it cost to tin a church steeple, whose base is eight feet square and whose slant height is 84 feet, at 20 cents per square foot?

4. A floor is 16 feet wide by 21 feet long. What will it cost to cover such a floor with a carpet 30 inches wide at 65 cents a yard?

5. In teaching pupils to solve such a problem as the above would you have them pursue a process similar to that which they would follow were the floor a wall to be plastered? Give reasons for your answer.

6. A boy's kite caught on a church steeple that rose from the front of the church to a height of 80 feet. The boy tied a string to a brick near the fence on the opposite side of the street from the church. The sidewalks on either side were 10 feet wide, while the street between was 50 feet in width. How long was the string, which was drawn taut?

1. The distance is 1090X11 or 11990 feet. A knot is 6086.7 feet, hence 11990÷6086.7=1.969+, the distance in knots. 1.969÷20, the rate per hour, gives .09845 hrs., or 5 min., 54.42 sec., the time required.

2. Supposing that the principles of division have been mastered with divisors up to 12, the order of advance would be from simple to complex. The form may be introduced by two or three problems with single-figure divisors.

This is clearly shown by its modifications in some parts of the body into nails, hairs, etc.

15876÷7 admits division by bringing down a single figure at each step; no remainder.

3269220÷12 increases divisor to two figures, but is otherwise like the first.

985191-12 requires two figures brought down at one step for a partial divisor, and has a remainder. The advance should increase the number of figures in the dividend using first the lower and gradually the higher digits, observing at the same time the order of steps illustrated in the three problems given.

3. 84X8X1X4X$.20-$268.80, the cost.

21X12 4. 8.4, hence 9 strips are required, and 30 each will be 16 feet or 5 yds. long. 5X9X$.65= $31.20.

5. This problem differs from problems in plastering in that it is necessary to know the number of strips and the more advantageous way of laying them. To lay the strips the long way in this case would require one yard more.

6. √/802+702=106.3+, length of cord.

The first number of Vol. II of the Journal of Germanic Philology, edited by Professor Karsten of the University of Indiana, has reached us. The high standard of the magazine is maintained and its value to students is increased. The announcement is made that beginning with Vol. III the journal will appear in the form of two series. The one is to be virtually a Journal of English Philology; the other will be devoted more especially to German. Each will be sold separately. two will be closely connected with each other; they will be conducted partly by the same editorial staff, and will supplement each other so far as their contents are concerned. The present number contains a number of excellent scholarly papers and reviews.

The

Chaplain H. A. Brown of the celebrated regiment of Rough Riders, has made a close study of the various classes comprising the famous bandthe "professional gambler from Arizona marching besides the Young Men's Christian Association man from Boston; the reckless cow-puncher of the plains seated at mess with the society swell of the East; the Pawnee Indian from Oklahoma sleeping beside the Harvard graduate of Massachusetts; the hard-handed miner of New Mexico and the lily-fingered broker of New York." Why the Chaplain does not regard war as an unmixed evil is told in the Sunday School Times of Oct. 22

entirely by beginning in a radically different method from the text-book or budget method. He fits up his school with all the different offices to be found in real business. He has the student start with the beginning of the transaction, using the current market prices, freight and express rates, and follow each step by real transactions from beginning to end, until the transaction passes through all the different books in which it would be recorded in real business, reaches the ledger, is shown in the trial balance, and appears in the statement, showing the proprietor exactly how the trade has affected the proprietor's business.

ing duplicates), two wholesale houses, two banks, and a clearing house. (We have not cuts at hand to illustrate all the different offices.) It is impossible to give an adequate idea of the Laboratory Method by any written description. We found in our visit that the more we see of it the more we are impressed with the immense superiority of this method over any other for teaching bookkeeping and business. The idea of keeping books, typewriting and stenography constitutes but a small part of the prerequisites for a successful business career in this progressive age. Students in this school are given real estate cards giving actual

It is astonishing what delight pupils take in learning bookkeeping and business by the Laboratory Method. They realize that they are learning the science of bookkeeping and business as it is done in real life. And, to emphasize this fact in the mind of the student, Mr. Vories has his students call up by telephone the presidents of the banks and the managers of the leading business houses in the city, who will and gladly do decide questions of how business is done in their respective lines.

To illustrate how business is done in all the different departments of commerce, Mr. Vories has fitted up in the most convenient, modern and elegant style twenty-eight different offices (not count

location of land with actual transfers by deed and by will, and are required to prove the title by investigation of records in the various offices in the school, which records are kept exactly like the records in real business. Students are required to go to the recorder's office, clerk's office, tax department office, judgment docket, etc., and examine every phase of the title. In case of wills letters of administration are taken out, notices filed, and the commercial law governing such matters is exemplified.

In case one wishes to go into any kind of incorporation, he must first go to the window marked "Corporation" where he will find blanks for all kinds of incorporations. He is there instructed

on the law governing incorporations. The number of incorporators varies, depending on the kind of business one wishes to engage in. In some instances the law requires the capital stock to be set out in the Articles of Incorporation, and in that event he pays the statutory per cent, based on the face of the capital stock, besides the stipulated fee for incorporation. In case the statutes do not require the capital stock to be set out in the articles of incorporation, as in the case of schools, churches, societies, etc., then it is best not to state the capital stock, as by omitting this, the per cent fee is evaded and there is also no capital

the state, he will file the articles of incorporation in his office, collect his statutory fees, and issue a charter. Then the incorporators must proceed to the office of County Recorder in the county in which the incorporation is to do business, and there have the articles of incorporation recorded. The incorporation is then legally prepared to open up its business.

Another illustration may serve to show the reader how thoroughly practical all the work is in this wonderful school and why it is necessary to have an office for every phase of business to be met with anywhere in the active duties of a bus

stock on which the Assessor or County Board of Review can levy taxes. After this phase of the law is canvassed with the individual pupil, and to the school by lectures and quizzes, much more exhaustively and minutely than we can enter into in this article, the student is given minute and specific directions for drawing up the articles of incorporation. Each step is pointed out. After the articles have been agreed upon and drawn up in statutory form, éach incorporator must go to the office of a Notary Public and have the acknowledgment of his signature to the articles taken. Then the articles must be taken to the office of Secretary of State. If this officer finds that each step has been taken according to the statutes of

tling city. It will be noted that any office to be found anywhere in the city is represented in this school. At first one thinks Mr. Vories has gone to unnessary expense in fitting up so many offices in such elegant and convenient style, but on investigation into the manner of teaching pursued here one finds that he would have to visit all these different offices in order to transact the real business of life. The thought, "how much embarrassment and unnecessary worry and delay one might have been spared if he had had the privilege of attending such a school, before starting out to meet the exacting duties of a business life," is brought to mind on every turn, as he goes through this school and finds how thoroughly and