Francisco Navarro Villoslado, by Beatrice Q. Cornish (ibid., 1).

Garcia" (Mod. Philol., xvii, 393) traces the evolution in literature of the fate of the hapless King of Gali- Italian.-A. H. Krappe in a note cia, who died in 1090. R. Schevill in on "The Legend of the Glove" (Mod. his volumes on Cervantes in the Se- Lang. Notes, xxxiv, 16) adds someries of "Master Spirits of Literature" thing to our knowledge of the story, (Duffield), has given us a well consid- of Italian literary origin which was ered and readable account of the life the basis of Schiller's "Der Handand work of the greatest of Spanish schuh" but is better known to English authors. J. L. Perrin in his article readers in the forms of Leigh Hunt on "Don Garcia de Mendoza in Ercil- and Browning. E. Goygio has gathla's Araucana" (Rom. Rev., ix, 430) ered some notes on the study of Italshows the part played by the hero in ian in this country in his "Dawn of this, the first work of literary merit Italian Culture in America" (Rom. written on the Western Hemisphere. Rev., x, 250). E. H. Tuttle continS. G. Morley continues his studies on ues to make suggestions which throw the versification of the Spanish poets light upon various individual phoin his "Studies in Spanish Dramatic netic phenomena in his "Hispanic Versification of the Siglo de Oro, Notes: Azarilaziago; B for U" Alarcón and Moreto" (Univ. of Cal. (Rom. Rev., x, 170), while in his Publ. in Mod. Philol., vii, 130), and studies on "Vowel-Breaking in Southin the same publications we find two ern France" (Mod. Philol., xvi, 585) interesting articles on nineteenth-cen- and "Notes on Romanic Speech-Histury writers, one (ibid., 87) by tory (Mod. Lang. Rev., xiv, 105), Elizabeth McGuire, "A Study of the Writing of D. Mariano José de Larra, 1809-1837," in which particular attention is given to the indebted ness of this justly popular writer to French models, and the other, in which more than justice is done to the minor novelist and reactionary,

he shows a capacity for dealing with more general linguistic principles in a way that attracts attention. O. M. Johnston follows the historical development of a French syntactical phrase in his note on “Que for Jusqu'à ce que with Atendre" (Mod. Lang. Notes, xxxiv, 282).

ANCIENT LITERATURE AND PHILOLOGY

GREEK LITERATURE WILLIAM ARTHUR HEIDEL Owing to conditions arising from the war certain books that should have received attention earlier can only now be noticed; others already published have not yet come to hand and report of them must be postponed. The publication of a second edition, revised and enlarged, of Van Leenwen's Euchiridium Dictiones Epicae (Leyden, Sigthoff, 1918) is to be heartily welcomed.

The Greek dramatists have, as usual, claimed a large share of the attention of writers. A welcome little volume gives The Acharnians of Aristophanes as played by the Oxford University Dramatic Society in February, 1914, in a Greek text based on that of the Oxford Classical Texts and in the excellent translation into English verse, reprinted by permission, by R. Y. Tyrrele (Oxford Univ.

Press, 1914). Studies in Greek Tragedy by Louise E. Matthaei (Cambridge Univ. Press, 1918), founded on lectures given at Newnham College, devotes separate chapters to the Prometheus Bound of Eschylus, to the Ion, Hippolytus, and Hecuba of Euripides, and to the use of accident in plots. These studies are brightly phrased and well considered, being in fact a valuable contribution to the understanding of dramatic literature. Two volumes of the "Columbia University Studies in Classical Philology" should not be overlooked in this connection, namely, Miss Pearl C. Wilson's treatment of Wagner's Dramas and Greek Tragedy, and Wm. S. Messer's The Dream in Homer and Greek Tragedy. The latter particularly adds not a little to our knowledge of poetic technique in a matter hitherto hardly considered. The Crimes of the Oedipodean Cycle, by Henry Newpher Bowman (Badger, 1918), is of

some slight value, which is, however, | Divine Punishment." F. M. K. Fosin no way related to the chief interest ter's English Translations from the of the author, for his purpose was to Greek (Columbia Univ. Press, 1918) apply the principles of Freud to the gives a bibliographical survey of real interpretation of these myths. One interest and value to the student of may recognize a certain degree of classical influences in English literatruth in the Freudian analysis of ture. A book on this subject, The dreams without sharing Mr. Bow- Classical Influence in English Literaman's enthusiasm for Dr. Abraham's ture in the Nineteenth Century and Dreams and Myths or believing that Other Essays and Notes, by William this kind of study is likely to shed Chislett, Jr. (Stratford Co., 1918), is much light on the Greek dramatists. too sketchy and inadequate to be of A consideration of "The Heracles great service. Rarely does one find so Myth and Its Treatment by Eurip- delightfully sane an exposition of the ides," by G. L. Hendrickson, deserves claims and possibilities of classical to be ranked with Miss Matthaei's studies. It is one of the Classical Studies in Honor of Charles Forster Smith (see also Latin Literature, infra), written by his colleagues (Univ. of Wisconsin, 1919). The same volume contains papers on "The Source of Herodotus' Knowledge of Artabazus," by A. G. Laird, and "A Study of Pindar," by Annie M. Pitman, besides an interesting discussion of certain Favum papyri, under the title of "An Egyptian Farmer," by W. L. Westermann.

studies as in the charmingly written essay, entitled Religio Grammatici: The Religion of a Man of Letters, delivered by Gilbert Murray as the presidential address to the (British) Classical Association (Houghton, Mifflin, 1918). The History of Religions, by E. W. Hopkins, (Macmillan, 1918), contains an interesting chap-' ter (xxii) on "Greek Religion." W. R. Halliday's Greek Divination (Macmillan, 1913) is a valuable study, though incomplete, and should have been noticed earlier in this series of reviews of Greek literature.

Translations of various Greek works have appeared, chiefly in the Pagan Ideas of Immortality during Loeb Classical Library (Putnam). the Early Roman Empire, the IngerHere it is a pleasure to record that soll Lecture (1918) by C. H. Moore Professor Perrin has so promptly (Harvard Univ. Press, 1918), precompleted the sixth and seventh vol- sents a clear sketch of an interesting umes of his admirable translation of subject without giving a satisfactory Plutarch's Lives. Dewing offers the explanation of the origin or associathird volume of Procopius; C. D. tions of these ideas. A work of capAdams gives a worthy rendering of ital importance is Ernest Barker's The Speeches of Eschines; and G. Greek Political Theory-Plato and his W. Butterworth translates three es- Predecessors (Methuen, 1918). The says of Clement of Alexandria. The emphasis on Plato's Laws is especially first volume of Xenophon's Hellen to be commended. L. W. Hopkinson's ica, containing Books I-V, by C. L. Creek Leaders (Houghton, Mifflin, Brownson, is measurably faithful 1918) contains 11 biographical but hardly to be commended as a sketches which may be recommended model; and the version of Pausanias to teachers of Greek history for colby W. H. S. Jones, of which the lateral reading. T. R. Glover's From first volume has appeared. cannot Pericles to Philip (Macmillan, 1917) be regarded as superior to Fraz treats in an exceptionally vivid way er's, though this instalment gives the main events of the greatest pepromise of an excellent and handy edi-riod of Greek history. The book tion of that important author. Se will prove to be of equal interest to lected Essays of Plutarch, Vol. II, the general reader and to the hisby A. O. Prickard (Clarendon Press, torian. The Platonism of Philo Ju1918), contains in a charming Eng- deus, by J. H. Billings (Univ. Chilish translation a number of import-cago Press, 1919), a dissertation of ant treatises, such as that "On the distinct value, discusses exhaustively Genius of Socrates," the three "Pyth- a subject debated for centuries. The ian Dialogues." and that "On Delay in Biblical Antiquities of Philo, now

first translated from the old Latin University Press for the worthy pubversion by M. R. James (Macmillan, lication of so excellent a work.

version is due to a second restoration | Cicero are the articles by C. N. made in the early Empire. (See also Indo-European Philology, infra.)

Smiley and G. C. Fiske in Classical
Studies in Honor of Charles Forster
Smith (see below).

In Classical Philology (xiv) H. W. Prescott published the sixth of a se- Livy's capacity for painting picries of papers on "The Antecedents of tures instinct with dramatic imaginaHellenistic Comedy," criticizing the tion and colored with lively human methods of modern students of Roman sympathy has often been remarked. comedy (Plautus and Terence) and R. S. Conway, in a lecture entitled questioning the processes by which The Venetian Point of View in Roman they seek to prove the dependence of History (Longmans), thinks that in that comedy on Euripides. C. Knapp all this Livy was in thorough accord (Class. Philol., xiv) discusses "Refer- with the tendencies of the Venetian ences to Plays, Players, and Play- district in which Padua, Livy's birthwrights in Plautus and Terence," and place, was situate; the Venetian race, also (Am. Jour. Philol., xv). "Refer- he says, has from the earliest times ences to Literature in Plautus and been remarkable for artistic ability, Terence," grouping allusions to the which culminated in the great paintstories (e. g., that of Io, Jason, Her-ers of the Renaissance. cules, the stories of the Trojan cycle) that figure so largely in Greek literature, especially Greek dramatic literature. E. H. Sturtevant in a paper entitled "The Coincidence of Accent and Ictus in Plautus and Terence" (Class. Philol., xiv) proves once more that in early Latin verse accent and quantity both were factors. He stresses the rôle played by accent; he holds, further, that the Latin accent was at once expiratory and musical and dismisses the view of C. E. Bennett that ictus was not stress, but merely the quantitative prominence of the long part of a foot.

In connection with Cicero we note that E. P. Winstedt's translation of the Letters (Loeb Classical Library) is now complete (three volumes). Catharine Saunders, in a paper entitled "The IIAAINOAIA of Cicero" (Class. Philol., xiv) maintains that the palinode referred to by Cicero, Ad Atticum, iv, 5, was a communication sent by Cicero to Pompey, or perhaps directly to Cæsar himself, containing assurances that Cicero would withdraw opposition to Cæsar, in particular on the question of the Campanian land law. This novel view rests on a careful study of various speeches of Cicero, etc. L. H. Harris, "Local Color in Ben Jonson's Catiline and Historical Accuracy of the Play" (ibid.), notes that Jonson followed his sources (Cicero, Sallust, Plutarch) closely, as a result doing grave injustice to Catiline, who was not as black as these writers paint him. Of interest also to students of

In connection with Catullus we may note an important article by A. L. Wheeler, "Remarks on Roman Poetic Diction" (Class. Weekly, xii), and of interest to students of Cæsar is an article by F. S. Dunn, "Julius Cæsar in the English Chronicles" (Class. Jour., xiv).

A welcome addition to the limited body of material available for the study of Seneca's philosophical writings is an edition, with notes and a translation in French, of Ad Helviam Matrem De Consolatione, by Charles Favez. Of interest too is the paper by C. N. Smiley in Classical Studies in Honor of Charles Forster Smith (see below). Of great importance is the fine "Index Verborum Quae in Senecae Fabulis Necnon in Octavia Reperiuntur" by W. A. Oldfather, A. S. Pease, and H. V. Canter (Univ. of Ill. Studies in Lang. and Lit., iv, Nos. 2-4).

R. B. Steele (Am. Jour. Philol., x1) has a paper entitled "Curtius and Arrian," a demonstration of the extent to which the Latin author Q. Curtius Rufus employed the Greek writer Arrian as a source.

A welcome addition to our apparatus for the study of medieval Latin (the term "medieval" is used here in a very broad sense) is formed by a translation, in the Loeb Classical Library, by H. F. Stewart and E. K. Rand, of Boethius, the Opuscula Sacra and the Philosophiae Consolato; and by F. M. Nichols' Epistles of Erasmus, Vol. III. In the latter work the epistles of Erasmus, from

Worthy of special mention is the volume entitled Classical Studies in Honor of Charles Forster Smith (Univ. of Wisconsin Studies in Lang. and Lit., No. 3), consisting of 10 papers by men and women at various times colleagues of Professor Smith at the University of Wisconsin. Of these papers the following are of importance to students of Latin literature (see also Greek Literature, supra): C. N. Smiley, "Seneca and the Stoic Theory of Literary Style," a paper of interest to students of Cicero also; G. C. Fiske, "The Plain Style in the Scipionic Circle," a discussion of certain phases of the style of the Satires of Lucilius and Horace and of the theories of humor held by these writers (of importance also to students of Cicero); Katharine Allen, "Britain in Roman Literature"; and M. S. Slaughter, "Lucretius, the Poet of Science."

the earliest to those of his fifty-third | rero and C. Barbagallo, A Short Hisyear, are arranged in chronological tory of Rome (three volumes), of sequence and translated; with the which Vol. I treats the history down translation is a commentary that jus- through the death of Julius Cæsar tifies the chronological arrangement and Vol. II, the Empire from 44 B. C. and adds biographical data. to 476 A. D.; E. Pais, Dalle Guerre Puniche a Cesare Augusto, two volumes (Rome, Nardechia); E. Cocchia, Il Tribunato della Plebe, la sua Autorita Giudiziaria Studiata in Rapporto colla Procedura Civile (Naples, Pierro, 1917); Elizabeth O'Neill, Rome: A History of the City from the Earliest Times; W. Ridgeway, "The Value of the Traditions with Respect to the Early Kings of Rome" (Class. Jour., xiv), an interesting attempt to show that it is futile to reject the traditional Roman account of the regal period of Rome, as Mommsen did on the grounds, first, that the state archives were burned in 390 B. C., and, second, that the traditional stories of the regal period contain supernatural elements. Ridgeway lays stress on the power of memory and oral tradition, and argues, by citing very modern instances, that the supernatural elements may well have attached themselves to what were at first plain and reasonably accurate accounts of actual happenings; C. D. Buck, "Words for 'Battle,' 'War,' 'Army,' and 'Soldier'" (Class. Philol., xiv), an instructive paper, showing, for instance, how widely some ancient classical words for "army" and "soldier" have been appropriated by different nctions; E. Meyer, Casars Monarchie und das Principat des Pompejus: Innere Geschichte Roms von 66 bis 44 v. Chr.; G. de Sanctis, Storia dei Romani, Vol. III; J. E. Sandys, Latin Epigraphy: An Introduction to the Study of Latin Inscriptions (Cambridge Univ. Press), a very useful book, giving a good colWorks less directly connected with lection of materials well arranged; Latin literature, but still of import-E. B. Lease, "The Number Three, ance to workers in that field, are the following: M. Platnauer, The Life and Reign of the Emperor Septimius Severus (Oxford Univ. Press); W. D. Gray, A Study of the Life of Hadrian Prior to His Accession (Smith Coll. Studies in Hist. iv, No. 2); A. E. R. Boak, "The Master of the Offices in the Later Roman and Byzantine Empires" (Univ. of Michigan Studies, Humanistic Series, xiv, Pt. i); G. Fer

Some reactions of scholars to the book by A. C. Clark, The Descent of Manuscripts (A. Y. B., 1918, p. 781), may be noted. One is a review of the book, by C. F. Walters (Class. Rev., xxxiv), a complimentary notice, reënforced by evidence purporting to show that the author had applied Clark's principles successfully to the restoration in various places of the text of Livy. The other is a review (Class. Jour., xiv) by E. T. Merrill, who has worked much on the manuscripts of Pliny the Younger, which is decidedly critical, not to say skeptical, of Clark's methods and results

in restoration.

Mysterious, Mystic, Magic" (Class. Philol., xiv) and "The Use and Range of the Future Participle" (Am. Jour. Philol., xl). The latter paper shows that Ovid first realized the stylistic possibilities of the future participle; through Ovid and Livy this particple was brought to its highest development, and to the Latin world "many new and varied nuances of expression were given."