PAINTING, SCULPTURE, AND HANDICRAFTS
WILLIAM B. M'CORMICK

War's Aftermath in the Art purchases. Through the will of World. Something of the spirit of Charles L. Freer, who died in New unrest troubling the world in the re- York on Sept. 27, the Smithsonian Inaction after the war was reflected in stitution comes definitely into possesthe American art world during 1919 sion of the famous Freer art collecin dissensions in art societies, notably tions and the art gallery built to conin the National Academy of Design tain them which was begun in Washin the National Sculpture Society, ington in 1916 and is now practically and among the various art bodies in completed. By the will of Henry Philadelphia. Expenditures of war Clay Frick, who died in his home in profits was also noted in such in New York City on Dec. 2, there is to stances as the purchase of the How- be incorporated "The Frick Collecard Mansfield collection of Whistler's tion," which provides for the gift to etchings and lithographs for a price the public of his Fifth Avenue resisaid to be in excess of $250,000; in the dence with its art collections, valued establishment of the National Por- at $50,000,000, and an endowment of trait Foundation with a gift of $100,- $15,000,000 to maintain it, the insti000 by Cristoffer Hannevig of New tution to be managed by nine trustees, York City to secure 25 portraits of including his widow, son, and Americans who have come into prom- daughter. inence through the war; and in the formation of a National Art Committee, with Henry White as honorary chairman, to arrange for the painting by American artists of portraits of military, civil, and religious leaders in the Great War to be hung in the National Portrait Gallery, at Washington, the project to entail an expenditure of $250,000.

International exchanges in the form of art exhibitions were marked by the opening in the Luxembourg Museum in Paris on Oct. 6 of an exhibition of the work of American painters and sculptors, containing nearly 200 examples, arranged at the invitation of the French Government. The British Government sent a "war exhibition" to the United States which was first Among art benefactions of the year shown in Washington in January and was the gift by Louis C. Tiffany of made a round of our larger cities his home, "Laurelton Hall," at Cold from Boston to San Francisco; CanSpring Harbor, Long Island, with an ada also sent its War Memorial Exendowment of more than $1,000,000 hibition to the United States, comto found an institution for the teach- prising sixty canvases. The first exing of art and the establishment of a hibition of the work of the eight museum. Under the will of the late American artists who were commisGeorge W. Elkins of Philadelphia, sioned in the U. S. Army to picture which was filed on Oct. 30, the city of the Great War (A. Y. B., 1918, p. Philadelphia was bequeathed the col-748) was opened in Philadelphia in lection of paintings left him by his April. The several hundred paintfather, William L. Elkins. The collection is valued at $2,500,000 and includes 110 paintings of various schools. A fund of $500,000 was also provided for the maintenance of the collection and to make additional

ings and sketches comprising the collection were deposited in the National Museum in Washington in September, a part of them being placed on public exhibition. The tenth annual convention of the American Federation of

Arts was held in the Metropolitan | Smith prize of $100; Charles H. Museum of Art, May 14-17, the chief Davis, Jennie Sesnan gold medal; topic of discussion being war memo- Leslie P. Thompson, Carol H. Beck rials.

gold medal; Arthur B. Carles, EdMuseums. One museum was added ward T. Stotesbury prize of $1,000; to our permanent art institutions Jess M. Lawson, George D. Widener during the year, the Butler Art Insti- memorial gold medal; and Philip L. tute at Youngstown, Ohio. The mus- Hale, the $200 popular-vote prize. eum, which was opened on Oct. 16, is The Gold Medal of Honor of the a gift to the city from J. O. Butler, Academy was awarded to Hugh H. Jr.; the building is of white marble Breckenridge on May 30. The 94th in the manner of the Italian Renais- annual exhibition of the National sance. A bequest to the Boston Mus- Academy of Design (March 22-April eum of Fine Arts made by Henry C. 27) included 231 paintings and 53 Angel of that city includes 40 mod- sculptures. E. W. Redfield was ern paintings, chiefly French and awarded the Altman $1,000 prize; Dutch. The Buffalo Fine Arts Acad- Gardner Symons, the Altman $500 emy received a gift of $100,000 from prize; Jerome Myers, the Thomas B. Col. Charles Clifton. By the will of Clarke prize of $300; the Julius HallHarvey Wetzel of Detroit Harvard garten prizes of $300, $200, and $100 University received a bequest of $100,- went to Robert Strong Woodward, 000 to be expended for art works for Ercole Cartotto, and Dines Carlsen; the Fogg Museum; Mr. Wetzel also the Isaac N. Maynard prize of $100 left half of his art collection to the to Irving R. Wiles; and the Saltus Fogg Museum, the remainder to go to Medal to Malcolm Parcell. The Sothe Boston Museum. The Carnegie ciety of Independent Artists held its Institute of Pittsburgh has an- third annual exhibition in the Walnounced that the Institute's interna- dorf-Astoria Hotel, New York City, tional art exhibitions, which had March 24-April 14, with 650 exhibbeen interrupted by the war, will be its. The Albright Art Gallery of resumed in 1920. The National Gal- Buffalo held its 13th annual exhibilery of Art was reopened in April tion of American paintings during after having been closed many July and August with special groups months. The Metropolitan Museum by Whistler, Sargent, Tarbell, and of Art will receive $1,553,172 from Redfield. At the Palace of Fine Arts the estate of Mrs. Margaret Olivia in San Francisco was opened in AugSage, according to an appraisal of her estate made public in November. The Museum held an exhibition of 40 canvases by Courbet during April and May which revealed an unsuspected number of great works in private collections in the United States by this Frenchman whose centenary was thus celebrated. During December the Museum held an exhibition of modern French art which was arranged by the French Ministry of Art.

ust a special exhibition of paintings by old and modern artists ranging from Rembrandt to Robert Henri. At the 32nd annual exhibition of the Art Institute of Chicago (Nov. 6Dec. 10) the following prizes were awarded: Potter Palmer gold medal and $1,000 to Mrs. Lillian Westcott Hale of Boston; Logan medal and $1,500 to Leon Kroll; Harris silver medal and $500 to Frederick Waugh; Harris bronze medal and $300 to RobExhibitions. The sixth annual ex- ert Spencer. The first annual exhibihibition of the Allied Artists of tion of the Society of American PaintAmerica, held in the Fine Arts Builders, Sculptors, and Gravers, an organing, New York City, Jan. 25-Feb. 10, ization formed in protest against the included 316 paintings. The 114th methods of the National Academy of annual exhibition of the Pennsylvania Design was held in a dealer's gallery Academy of Fine Arts (February in New York City, Nov. 1-22, 40 arMarch) included 405 exhibits. The tists, engravers and sculptors being prizewinners included Daniel Garber, represented. The Dallas (Texas) Temple gold medal; Colin Campbell Art Association held its first annual Cooper, Walter Lippincott prize of exhibition of contemporary interna$300; Juliet White Cross, Mary tional art in the Adolphus Hotel in

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Dallas in November with 100 modern | same sculptor's "Patriotism," paintings and 50 works of sculpture. veiled at Duluth, Minn., in the same The "Winter Exhibition" of the Na- month, this symbolical seated figure tional Academy of Design opened on of a knight in armor being carved in Dec. 13 with 294 paintings and 85 stone. One of the most striking and sculptures. Emil Carlsen won the beautiful individual works of the Carnegie prize; Charles C. Curran, year was Daniel Chester French's the first Altman prize; Gifford Beal, seated nude female figure called the second Altman prize; Walter "Memory," presented to the MetroMcEwen, the Proctor prize; R. Mc-politan Museum of Art in April by Clellan, the Isidor gold medal; Laura Henry Walters, vice-president of the Gardin Fraser, the Julia A. Shaw institution. We note here to comMemorial; Rudolph Evans, the Eliza- plete the record of a controversy of beth Watrous gold medal; Victor D. American origin (A. Y. B., 1917, p. Salvatore, the Helen Foster Barnett 700) that the replica of the Barnard prize. The seventh biennial exhibi- statue of Lincoln offered to the city tion of paintings opened in the Cor- of London was finally unveiled in the coran Gallery of Art at Washington city of Manchester, England, on on Dec. 26 with 316 canvases. The Sept. 15, Alton B. Parker of New prize winners included: Frank W. York making the presentation speech. Benson, $2,000 and the Corcoran gold medal; Charles H. Davis, $1,500 and the silver medal; Edward F. Rook, $1,000 and the bronze medal; William S. Robinson, $500 and honorable mention.

Sculpture. The most impressive feature of the year in sculpture was the temporary Victory Arch erected in Madison Square, New York City, for the double purpose of serving as one of the decorative features of the city's welcome to the 27th Division of the A. E. F. in March and as a test of public opinion as to what form a permanent memorial of the war should take in New York. Thomas Hastings, architect, was given charge of the plans, and among those who contributed sculptures were Paul Bartlett, Philip Martiny, Chester Beach, Herbert Adams, Eli Harvey, Daniel Chester French, and H. M. Shrady. The arch was the cause of a spirited agitation in the National Sculpture Society as to whether the structure should be perpetuated in durable materials or whether some other form of memorial should be erected by the city.

Medallic Art.-Eight medals commemorating the war and its achievements and in honor of individuals were designed during 1919. Of widest significance was the Victory Medal designed by James E. Fraser, the New York sculptor, for the Government, to be presented to all those who served in the armed forces of the United States between April 6, 1917, and Nov. 11, 1918. The design of the medal shows on its obverse a figure of Victory with the inscription, "The Great War for Civilization"; the reverse will bear the names of the Allied and Associated Powers. The American Numismatic Society announced on June 29 that Chester Beach, the New York sculptor, was the winner of the Society's competition for a peace medal. The same ganization presented to the Prince of Wales during his visit to New York City in the week of Nov. 22 a medal designed by James Flanagan, the New York sculptor. The medal, of gold, shows on the obverse the Prince's portrait in profile with the three plumes and his crest and the inscription, "Edward Prince of Wales"; the reAmong the more important works verse shows the figure of Columbia in of sculpture emplaced during 1919 an attitude of welcome with branches were R. Tait McKenzie's standing of oak leaves on either side and the figure of George Whitefield, evangel- inscription, "Commemorating the visit ist, at the University of Pennsyl- of H. R. H. the Prince of Wales vania, on June 15; Andrew O'Con- to the United States, November, nor's "Boy Scouts of America," un- MCMXIX," and the devices of the veiled at the Glen View golf course, Numisamatic Society with the near Chicago, in August as a memo- initials A. N. S. To commemorate rial to Theodore Roosevelt; and the the work of those who helped in the

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XXVIII. ART, ARCHITECTURE, MUSIC, AND DRAMA

and in her outstretched hands a golden chalice and the eucharistic pyx. The attributes and Latin names of the four Evangelists are a part of the decorative scheme behind and above the figure. After the unveiling of the two panels a movement was begun by Boston Jews to have the panel representing "The Synagogue" removed, on the ground that it misrepresented Judaism. The two last panels for the mural decoration of the Senate Chamber at Harrisburg, Pa., by Miss Violet Oakley were emplaced in January. They represent two historical incidents of the state and are entitled "The Little Sanctuary in the Wilderness" and "The Slave Ship Ransomed."

war by cultivating gardens there was issued in May a medal designed by a committee the chairman of which was George Frederick Kunz of New York. Copies of the medal were presented to the heads of the Governments of the United States, Great Britain, France, Italy, and Belgium. In November the National Committee on Prisons and Prison Labor presented to President Wilson and four workers in the cause of prison reform proofs of a medal designed by Chester Beach; the organization proposes to make an annual award of the medal. The Woman's Roosevelt Memorial Association issued a medal in November designed by Anna V. Hyatt. The chief feature of the design is a profile portrait of the late President with the name of the organization and the in the cultivation of arts and crafts Handicrafts.-The sentimental era word "Service." To the part its undergraduates and passed commemorate in the United States appears to have alumni took in the war Williams Col- changed conditions brought about by lege of Massachusetts had designed a the war in the world of applied art. away completely with the medal by James E. Fraser. The ob- Evidence of the new trend was given verse shows a line of charging in- during 1919 by an exhibition held in fantrymen, with the inscription, "For the American Museum of Natural Humanity 1918" and the reverse the History in New York City in Novemequestrian figure of Col. Ephraim ber, when a section of the main Williams as a officer with the inscription from the play of designs and materials of Continental Army museum floor was given over to a disCollege seal, "E. Liberalitate E. native origin such as before the war Williams Armigeri, 1793." Beneath were fostered only by the local arts is the title of the medal. In com- and crafts societies of the country. memoration of the centenary of the The Metropolitan Museum of Art birth of Walt Whitman the Franklin also gave an exhibition in January of Inn Club of Philadelphia issued in arts and crafts products of the December a bronze medal designed by utilitarian order but made by manuR. Tait McKenzie. The Architectural League of New facturers independent studios. November of American-made textiles, York City also gave an exhibition in and an exhibition of batik work was shown during August by a commercial organization in the Bush Terminal Sales Building in New York City. composition shows the figure of an sent on a circuit of the principal cities The first The American Federation of Arts aged woman with eyes covered by a of the country bandage, a crown falling from her jewelry, textiles, furniture, stained head, clasping a broken scepter in her glass, and other craft work. The an exhibition of left hand. The figure, partly draped National Society of Craftsmen opened by heavy curtains of Oriental design, the School for Craftsmen in New is seated on the steps of a ruined York City in November. temple. The Church is symbolized by nual meeting of the Boston Society the figure of At the ancloaked and hooded and seated on a a nun-like woman, of Arts and Crafts on March 21 it throne. Over a figure of the kneeling year had been $76,000 in spite of war Christ at her feet she holds a drapery conditions. was reported that the sales for the

Mural Paintings.-Two more mural panels by John S. Sargent added during the year to his series were illustrating the history of religions in the Boston Public Library, being shown for the first time on Nov. 5. These panels symbolize "The Synagogue" and "The Church."

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Necrology.-Ralph A. Blakelock, jects, died in his home Ellenville, landscape painter, died on Aug. 9 in N. Y., on May 11, aged 78. Kenyon a camp near Elizabethtown, N. Y., Cox, painter, sculptor, and art critic, aged 72 years. He was born in New died in his home in New York City York City and was self-taught, paint- on March 17. Son of a former goving Indian themes and landscapes ernor of Ohio, he was born in Warren until privation drove him insane in that state in 1856. As a youth he twenty years before his death. studied in the McMicken Art School While in a state asylum at Middle- in Cincinnati, later going to the town, N. Y., his work received Pennsylvania Academy of Design and honorary mention at the Paris Ex- to Paris, where he worked with position of 1900 and he was elected Gerome. Mrs. Sarah Morris Green a National Academician in 1916. Wise, sculptor, died in her home in Frank Duveneck, figure painter and New York City on May 15. She was sculptor, died in his home in Cin- born in Onerta, Ill., in 1877 and cinnati on Jan. 2 in his 72nd year. studied in Paris with Rodin; her Born in Covington, Ky., he studied in first work was exhibited in the Paris Munich under Dietz and others and Salon, and for it she was elected a on returning to the United States member of the National Sculpture lived in Boston for several years; in Society. Julian Alden Weir, painter, 1915 he received the Medal of Honor died in his home in New York on at the Panama-Pacific Exposition. Dec. 8. He was born at West Point, Charles Y. Turner, mural and genre N. Y., in 1852 and studied with his painter, died while on a visit in New father, who was instructor in drawing York City on Jan. 1. He was born in at the U. S. Military Academy, and Baltimore in 1850 and went to Paris later in Paris with Gerome. He was in 1878, where he worked under one of the founders of the Society of Laurens and Bonnat. At the World's American Artists and the Ten AmerColumbian Exposition in Chicago in ican Painters and was president of 1892 he was assistant director of the National Academy of Design from decoration and he occupied a similar 1915 to 1917. Gilbert William Gaul, position at the Pan-American Exposi- painter, died in his home in New tion. E. L. Henry, best known for his 1ork City on Dec. 21, aged 64. He paintings of transportation themes in was best known for his spirited picthe United States and for genre sub-tures of Civil War scenes.

ARCHITECTURE

CHARLES H. WHITAKER

Architecture in War.-One is in- have the effect of changing the atticlined to begin an estimate of American architecture in the year 1919 with the bold statement that at no time in the history of the United States has architectural evolution been so disturbed. But such a statement does not relate itself to buildings, because of new structures, due to numerous causes, there have been few. The anticipated building revival that had been looked for to begin immediately upon the close of the war has not taken place. It cannot be said, therefore, that this disturbance of architectural evolution had anything to do with new structures. Rather has it had to do with a dawning perception of the forces that lie behind the production of buildings, a perception that may slowly but surely

tude of architects toward the profession they serve. The war resulted in many questionings in all lines of human endeavor, and in no vocation or profession were the questionings more keen than in the profession of architecture. It cannot be said that the questionings began in 1919, or even at the close of the war. They began almost immediately upon the entrance of the United States into the war. Then came the first insistent question: What great contribution can architects make toward the successful prosecution of the war? It was a moment when all good men felt the need of giving their best in service, and yet to many the very wish was born of a great perplexity. How could they give their best? To