lepartments of education or other public authorities. The working out of this idea through state-wide plans is scarcely more interesting and significant than its application in the larger cities. In New York City community councils have been organized in 82 neighborhoods. A general "city parliament" has been established to coördinate and foster their work. Special activities have been undertaken with respect to Americanization, recreation, public health, and industrial welfare. The historical setting for the present development is thus described: "Community councils include community centers, earlier established; they have taken over the methods of the community clearing house and health districts; and they go indefinitely beyond the earlier neighborhood associations in their democratic constitution and their inclusive membership." Los Angeles has a Council of Community Service, which is an outgrowth of the precinct and club units of the Council of Defense and Liberty Loan committees. It reports extensive activity and achievements with respect to food conservation, sewing centers, housing, employment, recreation, and education. The movement for which the terms "community center" and "community council" stand has meant for the older and more populous districts chiefly the coördination and popularization of services already established by separate agencies; for the newer districts it has meant rather the inauguration of such services. In recognition of the need of trained workers in this field several courses are being offered at Columbia University on neighborhood leadership and community organization. | under the supervision of a local committee. A programme was outlined reaching into every branch of community welfare. The undertaking was financed on a three years' budget guaranteed by local interests. Achievements under these auspices in a city noted previously for its lack of organization for these purposes marks this as one of the outstanding developments of the war period. Community Federation and Financing of social Agencies.-The year's developments with regard to federation and joint financing of social agencies (A. Y. B., 1918, p. 423) have been phenomenal. Those cities that participated in war-chest campaigns for various national and local purposes found themselves after the armistice the residuary legatees of organizations and popular feeling for community action, for obtaining individual quotas, and for humanitarian service that called for new programmes rather than a relapse into pre-war methods. No summary of the varied experiences of these cities is yet possible. In general, however, there has been an inclination toward keeping up the spirit and momentum of war-time efforts. An outstanding example is that of Cleveland. In the latter part of November a drive was made for financing local benevolent agencies of every description, including important ones not comprised in the central Welfare Federation. Local budgets for national and foreign relief agencies were added. A total fund of $3,425,000 was sought. The goal was overshot by a half-million. Detroit also furnishes an illuminating example. The total asked for in a similar community drive was greater, being $5,250,000, and because of the size of the fund sought some difficulty was experienced in attaining the mark. In the budget, however, was included an item of nearly two million dollars for new construction, permanent improvements, and other so-called "capital expenditures" of the 55 local agencies participating. This represents a new principle in joint financing, the budgets heretofore raised applying only to maintenance. Another novel feature of the Detroit plan was the calculation of sources from which the money was to be raised. The total A striking example of the shifting of community enterprise from the circumstances of war organization into the conditions of peace has been the development of the War Civics Committee of East St. Louis. With the tremendous transfer of industrial groups which the manufacture of war munitions required, it was found desirable by the War Department to create a Community Organization Branch of the Ordnance Department for the supervision of living conditions. Under these auspices a civic director for East St. Louis was provided, to work amount of corporation incomes was es- | tralized schemes of accounting and timated, and like computations were made for individual incomes of $3,000 or more and for those under $3,000, or "labor." On this basis corporations were asked to give one per cent. of their income, individuals four per cent., and labor two days' pay. The plan of organization and methods of salesmanship adopted for the larger campaigns, such as these, represent a new departure in charitable finance and publicity. purchasing, arrangements for local charities to occupy central buildings, improvement of facilities for training social workers, and increase of use of central exchanges for information about individuals under treatment. A model constitution for community federations was drawn up during the year. This and other developments have been largely stimulated through the formation recently of the American Association for Community Organization. Rural Social Work.-The countrylife movement, which dates formally back to the appointment of a commission by the President of the United States in 1903, was rejuvenated during the closing days of the war by the organization of a National Country Life Conference. President Kenyon L. Butterfield of Massachusetts Agricul On Aug. I the National Investigation Bureau (4. Y. B., 1918, p. 424) was reorganized as the National Information Bureau. It now has delegate representation from a number of the larger national organizations. On the basis of its 10 standards requisite for endorsement, it has under study more than 200 active organizations, national and local. Its efforts are being directed constantly more toward bring-tural College is the president of the oring together organizations working in the same field for comparison of programmes, decrease of duplication, and increase of coöperation. It assists in making of budgets and in improving financing and accounting methods. On the heels of this manifest popularity of federation of social agencies and institutions for financing has followed a genuine progress in procedure from the standpoint of constructive social work. This has resulted largely from introspection and discussion and from the research activities they have established. The movement for bringing local agencies together has been largely a protest against the patchwork character of their results individually. The Cincinnati organization, for example, has built up citywide councils for discussion and determination of policy in the following 11 fields: tuberculosis, hospitals, mental hygiene, social hygiene, housing, recreation, medical relief, waste, nursing, industrial health, child hygiene. In each of these councils the representatives of associated agencies and other leaders are determining what are the measures, national, state, and local, for which they should stand in attacking their problems. Other activities in common that have characterized the development of these federations recently have been the setting up of legislative bureaus and of cen ganization, and Prof. Dwight Sanderson of Cornell University is secretary. The second annual meeting of the Conference was held in Chicago in November, 1919. In its plan of committee organization it reflects the systematic discussion that has been given this subject by rural sociologists since 1908, and in the scope and popularity of its programme it shows the widespread interest in rural economy which has been developed by the war. Rural education alone has been considered worthy of study and organization under seven well differentiated subcommittees. The appointment of a committee on public information signifies the intention of the Conference to gather together and put before the people constantly the results of research and comment on rural problems. Another organization, the Nation Conference of Social Work, in whose discussions the original country-life movement has been well nurtured, especially with respect to welfare activities, in 1919 made further substantial contributions. The programmes of two rural states, North Carolina and Iowa, were described, and the experiences of two New York counties in the administration of rural child-welfare work were presented in detail. North Carolina has recently enacted 35 laws of economic and social import, all of them directly Cross (see infra). Organization in connection with Red Cross institutes has been especially useful from the standpoint of surveying and supplementing the existing opportunities for training in social service at colleges. Provision of Personnel.-During the war there was an unusual demand for trained social workers; whole new fields of work developed for people having real training. The signing of the armistice did not diminish this demand. Although there has been a considerable shifting from social work in war service abroad and in this country to established social agencies, the general demand has been steady and has even increased. War-time activities advertised social work and brought about an understanding of its benefits to the community in a way that would have taken years of ordinary development. The Home Service of the American Red Cross has given a service covering the whole United States which has interpreted the intensive work that is to be done with individual families and created an understanding of "case work," that is, intensive work with individuals in some form of distress. Moreover, certain experiments in community organization have interpreted another type of social work. More than ever before the public understands the service rendered by the trained social worker and demands real training when filling po or indirectly related to rural social | the demand for training in social work welfare. One of the most important has been the training institutes of the of these measures is that providing Home Service of the American Red for incorporation of rural townships, with a local-option provision. In general, the trend of thought has been in the direction, on the one hand, of systematic ruralizing of the agencies, voluntary and governmental, of social betterment, education, etc.; and on the other, of developing and fostering democratic community councils and centers of activity in the country. Education for Social Work. In May, 1919, a conference was called by the New York School of Social Work to discuss the status of professional education in this field. This marked the twenty-first year of the history of organized training of this nature. Fifteen schools were represented, all offering full-year courses, and 10 of them two-year courses. An Association of Training Schools for Professional Social Work was formed, with the object of developing standards. A plan of research was projected to discover and accumulate scientific teaching material on technical aspects of social work. It is proposed to emphasize the importance of social work as a profession and the use of scientifically trained workers for intricate tasks of adjustment. The seven Vocational fields for which training is provided by the New York School follow in a degree the main divisions of discussion in the National Conference of Social Work. They are: community work, criminology, family and child welfare, industry, medical social service, psy-sitions in social agencies. chiatric social work, social research. This increased demand and better A new factor was injected into the understanding of social work is rescheme of training for social work flected in the calls upon the National with the development of the system of Social Workers' Exchange, a non-com"psychiatric aids" in the Army medi- mercial organization that offers an incal organization (see also Mental Hy- formation service to both social workgiene, infra). To train such assisters and social agencies about new opants а two months' instructional course was offered at Smith College, followed by six months of practical work in various mental hospitals and clinics. Forty students completed the course and are holding positions of responsibility. The experience of the psychiatric unit of the Army Medical Corps has resulted in the emphasis on this branch of teaching in various schools. of social work. Perhaps the most important factor in enlarging portunities in social work. Positions passing through the Exchange to be filled for the year 1919 have numbered 1,700, and have been distributed through 43 states and seven foreign countries. The number of calls for workers and of social workers interviewed have doubled in the year. Requests for information relating to training for social work, standards of work, salary standards, and questions of ethics within the group show an increasing professional and scientific attitude. THE AMERICAN RED CROSS General Relief Activities.-When the year 1919 began, in addition to the many forms of relief provided for service men and their families in the United States, the American Red Cross was still operating on a large scale in France, England, Italy, Belgium, Siberia, North Russia (Archangel), Switzerland, the Balkans, and Palestine. As rapidly as possible this overseas work was curtailed, but meanwhile the war was found to have left the peoples of other countries in The present occupational grouping in social work, according to the experience of the National Social Workers' Exchange, includes, first, social case work, with the following special classifications: child-welfare work, churchvisiting work, family case work, medical social work, occupational therapy, probation, protective, parole and prison work, public-health nursing and visiting, psychiatric social work, school visiting, visiting housekeeping, Vocational guidance, and welfare work. Other major classifications, such a condition of helplessness that each with its subordinate occupations, are: social-group work, social-reform work, social research, industrial work, and a series of specialties, such as community song leaders, psychiatrists, work with colored people, and others. ors Conferences of Social Work.-Local, state, and national meetings of those engaged in various phases of practical social work have revived greatly in interest and attendance following the armistice and the general abandonment of meetings during the epidemic of influenza. Permanent or ganizations of this nature in cities are now known to the number of 72. State-conference discussions have been devoted largely to problems of social reconstruction. In a few instances meetings have been called by governor representatives of war-time agencies. The Ohio Conference of Charities and Correction has passed under state control, being financed from public appropriations. A new conference has been organized in Colorado and similar advances are in prospect in certain southern states. The National Conference of Social Work, meeting at Atlantic City in June, was characterized by a notable broadening of programme to include almost every department of organized humanitarian effort. This was favored by an unprecedented attendance, of about 5,000 delegates, and by the more complete operation of its new plan of permanent divisions. The war-time extension of principles of social work in local communities and in national and international undertakings characterized the discussions of the Conference. new and emergency relief operations had to be undertaken by the Red Cross if thousands of men, women, and children were to be saved from death by starvation, wounds, disease, and lack of shelter. The result was that new relief expeditions went to the following countries: Albania, the remains of the Central Empires (to succor Allied prisoners of war), Czecho-Slovakia, Poland, South Russia, Rumania, Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Baltic States. Several of these operations had not been concluded at the end of the year, so great was the need of assistance that only America could send. According to plan the American Red Cross War Council dissolved on March 1, and authority and responsibility were turned back to the Executive Committee, where they had lodged prior to the war, with Dr. Livingston Farrand as chairman and several of the War Council as new members. Various foreign commissions were successively closed out, and in May a Committee on Liquidation began to make reducing adjustments, to sell off saleable supplies no longer needed in relief operations, and to scale down activities to an irreducible minimum. By June the commissions to Italy, Belgium, Switzerland, and Palestine had been terminated, and the commissions to Greece and other Balkan states had been federated in a commission to the Balkans; the commission to Great Britain was on the point of closing, and that to France was dwindling to comparatively small proportions; and the direction of American Red Cross activities throughout Europe was vested in a Red Cross Commission to Europe. Late in 1919 there were still | American convalescent_sol 1,100 American workers in Europe. The American Red Cross took a leading part in the formation of the League of Red Cross Societies, which, with headquarters at Geneva and with the national Red Cross organizations of the United States, Great Britain, France, Italy, and Japan as founder members, has undertaken a world-wide fight for the prevention of disease and promotion of health. In the third Red Cross Roll Call, Nov. 2-11, some ten million adult Americans renewed their membership. In this campaign also a large fund was contributed toward completing the war obligations of the Red Cross. War Service.-During the year the War Council made its complete report to the American people covering the 20 months it was in control of the organization's activities and the expenditure of the money given by the people to the Red Cross as the connecting link between them and the men at the front who were winning the war. Following are certain round numbers covering American Red Cross participation in the war, as revealed by the War Council's report: diers attending Red Cross movies in France.... Soldiers carried by Red Cross ambulances in Italy Children cared for by Red Cross in Italy..... 3,110,000 148,000 155,000 Finances. Of the $400,000,000 in money and supplies contributed to the American Red Cross during the 20 months the War Council was in existence, $263,000,000 was allotted to national headquarters, and $137,000,000 went to the chapters to finance their activities. Expenditures in the 20 months totalled $273,000,000, divided as follows: by national headquarters in France, $57,000,000; elsewhere overseas, $64,000,000; in the United States, $48,000,000; by chapters in the United States, $43,000,000; cost of chapter-produced articles distributed in France, $25,000,000; elsewhere overseas, $8,000,000; in the United States, $28,000,000; making a total expendielsewhere ture in France, $82,000,000; overseas, $72,000,000; and in the United States, $119,000,000. There remained on Feb. 28, 1919, accordingly, a balance of $127,000,000, of which $41,000,000 was cash, $53,000,000 supplies held by national headquarters, and $33,000,000 supplies in the hands of the chapters. The cash contributed to the Red Cross in the 20 months was divided $42,000,000 from memberships and $283,500,000 from the two $100,000,000 war-fund drives. The ratio of "management" to "relief," the report shows, was 1.8 per cent. Membership.-On May 1, 1917, just 500,000 before the appointment of the War 40,000,000 Council, there were 562 Red Cross chapters with a membership of 486,On Feb. 28, 1919, there were 3,724 chapters with 17,186 branches, embracing a membership of 20,000,000 adults and 11,000,000 junior members. Contributions received (ma- Adults ..20,000,000 ....... Children .. ..11,000,000 Red Cross workers. Relief articles produced by volunteer workers Families of soldiers aided by Home Service in U. S.. Refreshments served by canteen workers in U. S... Nurses enrolled for service with Army, Navy, or Red Cross Kinds of comfort articles distributed to soldiers and sailors in U. S.. Knitted articles given to soldiers and sailors in U. S. 31,000,000 371,577,000 23,822 194. 2,700 10,900,000 101,000 25 1,155,000 3,780 Home Service. During the year 1919 Red Cross Home Service (A. Y. B., 1918, p. 421), grew to proportions much greater than at any time while the war was in progress. Whereas it was estimated that during the year 1918, 350,000 families of soldiers and sailors had been assisted, in the single month of March, 1919, 500,000 came to the attention of the Home Service Section and received information, advice, financial assistance, and service of 1,726,000 many other kinds. During the year 294,000 4,340,000 15,376,000 |