COPYRIGHT, 1920, BY DOUBLEDAY, PAGE & COMPANY ALL RIGHTS RESERVED, INCLUDING THAT OF INCLUDING THE SCANDINAVIAN PREFACE IN the Summer Session of 1919, the author gave a course of lectures on International Organization and Coöperation, in the Department of Public Law, Columbia University. The lectures were supplemented by discussions and written reports by members of the class on various phases of the subject. The general purpose was to examine the League Covenant analytically in its relation to (1) international organization, (2) international law, and (3) international coöperation, using the comparative method whenever precedents could be found. The substance of these lectures and discussions was put into form in August, 1919. During the period up to March 31, 1920, the manuscript was kept abreast of events in connection with the League and the Treaty of Versailles. As the purpose was to analyze the Covenant and Treaty at first hand and not to defend a thesis, or support policy with regard to any particular state, the failure of the United States to become an original member of the League has in no way disturbed the plan of the book. On November 19, 1919, the United States Senate defeated ratification by a vote of 55 to 39, and again on March 19, 1920, by a vote of 49 to 35. On March 20, 1920, the Treaty of Versailles was returned to President Wilson. Whether or not the United States remains outside of the League, or becomes a member with reservations, the League Covenant is in force as to the present members; and, unless it fails utterly of its purposes, will affect the foreign relations of the United States both in the matter of peaceful coöperation and in settling disputes which might lead to a rupture. Moreover, the wisdom of the reservations proposed by the United States Senate can be appraised only by such a study as has here been attempted. For the most part, the facts have been allowed to speak for themselves, opinions and prophecies rarely being hazarded; but the 362122 study has resulted in the author's personal conviction that the League of Nations should be supported not merely because it provides means for putting war a few steps farther in the background, but because it emphasizes the necessity for coöperation between sovereign states. International cooperation is an end in itself, the benefits of which are felt directly by the people of all participating states, and incidentally it tends to decrease the number of disputes likely to lead to a rupture. The author is indebted to many writers whose works have been consulted and quoted and to whom credit is given in the footnotes, the chapter references, and the selected Bibliography (Appendix 8). Particularly is he grateful to Mr. Henry F. Munro, Lecturer in International Law, Columbia University, who examined and criticized all of the manuscript; and to Miss Elsie Basset, of the Catalogue Staff of the Columbia University Law Library, who verified all references, dates, and quotations. Columbia University, March 31, 1920. FREDERICK C. HICKS. CHAPTER TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION I. THE SOCIETY OF NATIONS IN 1914 II. THE BALANCE OF POWER AND THE CONCERT OF EUROPE PAGE 3 17 34 IV. V. SALIENT FEATURES OF THE LEAGUE COVENANT XII. . 95 108 121 134 147 INTERNATIONAL TRIBUNALS WITH PERMANENT PER- XIII. INTERNATIONAL ADMINISTRATION OF TERRITORY III. INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AND XIV. INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION DURING THE WAR. ATION XVI. TREATIES AND COOPERATION XVII. COÖPERATION IN NATIONAL LEGISLATION |