376. We were shown the tomb where Edward the Confessor was buried. Addison puts it in this way We were shown Edward the Confessor's

tomb.'

The wits of the time when Charles was king' are spoken of as 'The wits of King Charles's

time.'

The proper relatives should be restored, and comparison should be made between these and the adverbial substitutes for them.

EXERCISE 315.

1. The hold where the giant maintained himself seemed impregnable. 2. He was not aware of the danger whereby he was threatened. 3. The man had on such a cloak as generals wear. 4. Queen Mary was one of the most unfortunate persons of the century wherein she lived. 5. Daniel came safe out of the den where the lions were kept. 6. He has not such a voice as is possessed by an orator. 7. We came upon a hut where a peasant lived. 8. I know you have done so, but I do not know the reason why you have done so. 9. In the shade where now we sit, I waited her return. 10. Shall I bend low, and, in such a key as a bondman speaks in, say this?

2. ADJECTIVE CLAUSE replaced by NOUN IN APPOSITION.

Adjective Clause into Noun in Apposition, co-ordinating. 377. Their hatred against the Russians, who were the unjust authors of all their calamities, must soon revive.' The same meaning is given in other forms: the Russians, by whom all their calamities were unjustly caused-whose injustice brought upon them all their calamities. Any of the forms may be contracted to this: the Russians, the unjust authors of all their calamities.'

EXERCISE 316.

1. The prince, who is an excellent horseman, kept his seat. 2. The fortress of Tangier, which was part of the dower of Queen Catherine, was repaired. 3. In person Henry VIII, resembled

his grandfather, Edward IV., who was the handsomest man in Europe. 4. The nation honoured Wellington, who won the battle of Waterloo. 5. Halema, who had nursed Mahomet in his infancy, was summoned to rejoice at his nuptials. 6. The Danish and Saxon tongues, both of which were dialects of one wide-spread language, were blended together. 7. The gallant young soldier, of whom so much has been said and sung, sank in later life into a broken-down drunkard. 8. The appointment of the Sheriffs, whose office had long been hereditary, was now vested in the crown. 9. Wessex was converted by a Bishop named Birinus, who was sent by Pope Honorius. 10. The great annual fair, which caused delight to idle apprentices and which was regarded with horror by Puritanical Aldermen, was opened in Smithfield.

378. The site of Ravenspur, where Henry Bolingbroke landed, is now covered by the sea.' Otherwise: Ravenspur, the landing-place of Henry Bolingbroke, is now covered by the sea.'

This law, whence all their difficulties arose, must be repealed''This law, the cause (source, origin, &c.) of all their difficulties, must be repealed.'

Restore the proper relatives; as- Ravenspur, at which Bolingbroke landed; 'this law, from (or out of) which--by the operation of which—all their difficulties arose.'

EXERCISE 317.

1. Wolsey erected a college at Ipswich, where he was born. 2. We soon reached a village inn, where we rested for the evening. 3. Warbeck's wife crossed with him to Cornwall, where he made his final and fatal attempt. 4. Edinburgh, where the government was carried on, was in a state of anarchy. 5. Prayer, whereby the soul is infallibly purified, was Mahomet's constant practice. 6. Frederick was thus induced to assist in that great crime, whence sprang many other great crimes, the first partition of Poland. 7. Famine, whereby war is accompanied surely and with terrible effects, for several years desolated the country. 8. They were surprised to find a man born so far from London, where prudence and wisdom are taught and learned so effectively, endued even with a moderate capacity. 9. Conway was deprived of his regiment, wherewith faithful and gallant service in two wars had been deservedly rewarded. 10. They now watched constantly for the appearance of a ship, whence they derived (or whereon depended) all their hopes of life.

3. ADJECTIVE CLAUSE replaced by PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE.

Adjective Clause into Prepositional Phrase, restrictive. 379. 'The century that followed the Restoration is the same as The century after the Restoration.' A gentleman whose behaviour is very singular' gives the same meaning as 'A gentleman of very singular behaviour.'

This was an offence that could not be forgiven.' Shorter form :- This was an offence not to be forgiven.'

EXERCISE 318.

1. The scheme was disconcerted by the course that the civil war took. 2. Let us imitate the high qualities that our forefathers displayed. 3. They settled in a green valley through which a brook runs. 4. The advantage that he derived from his early training raised him above his competitors. 5. The punishment that waits on habitual perfidy had at last overtaken the king. 6. Horace Walpole pretended to sneer at the objects that excited his admiration and envy. 7. We passed a thatched house by the side of which was a stack of timber. 8. The churches whose loyalty was doubtful were strictly watched. 9. He was a person whose habits were studious and whose morals were irreproachable. 10. A man who has no capital, who has laid nothing by, whose monthly wages are just sufficient to provide his family with their monthly rice, cannot pay a heavy fine.

380. 'He was arrested for a debt that his wife had contracted that had been contracted by his wife. More shortly: a debt of his wife's contracting.'

I have no time that I can spare' may appear in the shorter form 'I have no time to spare.'

EXERCISE 319.

1. The knight's stable-doors are patched with noses that belonged to foxes that he himself had hunted down. 2. Our kings sometimes begged in a tone that could not easily be distinguished from that of command. 3. Can I have done anything that I should reproach myself with? 4. Assassination was an event that occurred daily. 5. Greece was the first part of Europe that

became civilized. 6. Opposition to his arbitrary designs he considered as a crime that nothing but blood could expiate. 7. A conspiracy whose object was to waylay the king was set on foot. 8. He recounted the circumstances in which the Asiatic empire of Britain originated. 9. His adversaries regarded him with a distrust that neither oaths nor treaties could remove. 10. The forms that require to be filled up, the applications that have to be made, and the formalities that must be observed, are very numerous and complicated.

381. They mourned in the land whither they were carried away captive.' More concisely: 'in the land of their captivity.

'The slave was slain at the moment when he was captured. More briefly: 'at the moment of his capture.'

EXERCISE 320.

1. At the moment when Mahomet came into the world, a celestial light illumined the surrounding country. 2. This temple was built on the precise site where the original tabernacle of clouds had stood. 3. There was no anchor whereby the ship might be held. 4. The boys went home for the holidays on the very day when poor Phil was seized. 5. A woman has no sanctuary whither she can retire from an evil husband. 6. Eadgar's reign was a short interval wherein there was peace. 7. The famous town of Mansoul had five gates whereby people might come in, whereby people might go out. 8. These are the two causes whence the art derives its existence. 9. Latin was looked on as the tongue wherein worship as well as literature and government should be conducted. I had a mighty cause

10.

Why I should wish him dead, but thou had'st none why

thou should'st kill him.

Adjective Clause into Prepositional Phrase, co-ordinating. 382. Bishop Cartwright, whose curiosity was ungovernable, came to Westminster to hear the decision.' More briefly: 'Bishop Cartwright, with ungovernable curiosity, came to Westminster.'

'After a severe controversy, which raged in the scholastic period, this view was abandoned.' Abridged: After a severe controversy, in the scholastic period, this view was abandoned.'

EXERCISE 321.

1. The merchants, who pretended to be in haste, declined opening their bales. 2. Dryden, whose reputation was then in the zenith, published his translation of Virgil. 3. The Duke's attempts to reform the army of England, which was then in a most disorderly state, excited great disgust. 4. Warwick, who was probably acting in concert with Pembroke, attacked the Castle. 5. In the fifth heaven Mahomet was received by Aaron, who embraced and congratulated him. 6. This worthless adventurer, whose only recommendation was that he was a Papist, obtained the office. 7. The 23rd, eight of whose officers were dead and four wounded, were still rushing to the front. 8. The 7th Fusiliers, who were led by Colonel Yea, were swept down by fifties. 9. Alfred, who had now enjoyed a short repose, had to take the field again. 10. The Queen, whose aspect and accents diffused sweetness, addressed the prisoners.

4. ADJECTIVE CLAUSE replaced by PARTICIPLE.

Adjective Clause replaced by Participle, restrictive. 383. The evil that men do lives after them' may be written 'The evil done by men lives after them.'

'Hearts that throb with secret pain' is the same meaning as 'Hearts throbbing with secret pain.'

EXERCISE 322.

1. No weapon that is formed against thee shall prosper. 2. The battle of Sedgemoor is the last battle that was fought on English ground. 3. The sleepless dragon that guarded the golden fleece was cast asleep. 4. We were amused at the message that accompanied this letter. 5. The Commons voted to the king for life the whole revenue that his brother had enjoyed. 6. The luxurious habits that prosperity had engendered still remained. 7. The prize I sought is fairly won. 8. I made him a present of all the good sermons that have been printed in English. 9. Harry sedulously did all the tasks the priest set him. 10. The trees we have planted, the houses we have built, the friends we love, bind us to the earth.

11. And e'en those hills that round his mansion rise
Enhance the bliss his scanty fund supplies.

12. Woods that wave o'er Delphi's steep,
Isles that crown th' Ægean deep,

Fields that cool Ilissus laves.