the message meant. 5. I wish to find out where John lives. 6. You would never guess what he is aiming at. 7. Tell me what poem you like best. 8. State when and where you were born. 9. I will tell thee what my heart desires. 10. I have shown in what state our Constitution stood at the time of the Norman Conquest.

6

Noun Clause in Complement or in Phrase replaced by Noun. 360. The consequence was that our army gained a victory. The same sense may be given also thus: The consequence was a victory to our army?'

'I have taken a review of what has been done by the governing power in France''I have taken a review of the action of the governing power in

France.

EXERCISE 301.

1. The result was that the treaty was signed. 2. We are not agreed as to when we should begin work. 3. The cause of his hesitation was that the army was disorganized. 4. Our success depends on who are appointed judges. 5. He never spoke ill of whatever was connected with the nobility. 6. The triumph of my soul is that I am. 7. A chief cause of ambiguity is that the signification of words is constantly shifting. 8. The law was strictly enforced against whoever committed offences. 9. What was known lends a charm to what was unknown. 10. The Duke encouraged his men by what he said and by what he did.

EXERCISE 302.

General examples.

1. What became of my companions I could never learn. 2. Where her father's grave was no one knew. 3. That there should have been such a likeness is not strange. 4. The queen herself did not distinctly state that she was innocent of this part of the charge. 5. Tell me truly what thou think'st of him. 6. We will not dispute that what Johnson has said on this subject is in the main just. 7. He had not discovered either what had caused or what would cure the evil. 8. His father begged that every year he would present him with such a volume. 9. They will admit that Goethe was a great poet, but deny that he was a great man. 10. What seems most extraordinary in the battle of Sedgemoor is that the event should have been for a moment doubtful, and that the rebels should have resisted so long.

EXERCISE 303.

General examples.

1. There is one man to whose wisdom and self-devotion we owe that English history has taken the course which it has taken for the last 600 years. 2. These facts sufficiently show of how great importance literary assistance then was to the contending parties. 3. We know what we are, but we know not what we shall be. 4. Our readers will probably infer from what we have said that the book has disappointed us. 5. These politicians had expected that the privileges conceded to the Dissenters would be curtailed, if not withdrawn. 6. Whether the country should or should not prosper might depend on how the contest turned out. 7. That Charles would comply with such demands while he had any means of resistance was not to be expected. 8. Cromwell saw precisely where the strength of the Royalists lay, and by what means alone that strength could be overpowered. 9. There is no recognized principle whereby it is customarily tested whether government interference is proper or improper. 10. Previous movements and revolutions seldom demanded that any acknowledged change in the Law should be made, but rather that the Law should be enacted with greater distinctness, and administered more carefully and honestly. 11. Political men may debate whether such and such a course is or is not constitutional, just as lawyers may debate whether such and such a course is or is not legal. 12. Democracy, in the sense of Pericles, demands that every freeman shall have a voice in the affairs of the commonwealth; it does not necessarily demand that every freeman should have an equal voice. It does not forbid that there should exist magistrates clothed with high authority and held in high reverence, nor does it forbid that ancient birth should be respected, or even that people should be attached to an hereditary line of rulers.

II. NOUN CLAUSE into NOUN PHRASE

(INFINITIVE).

361. The pupil will turn to the converse case, and read in this connection the general remarks given there. (§ 245).

Noun Clause as Subject replaced by Infinitive,

་

362. That he should counsel submission was not in his nature' To counsel (or Counselling) submission was not in his nature.'

It is not good that the man should be alone.' Otherwise: 'It is not good for the man to be alone.' 'It was a fortunate thing that we met him? The meaning may appear also in this form: 'Our meeting him was fortunate.'

EXERCISE 304.

1. It was owing to him that I succeeded so well. 2. That they should avenge a relative slain was the duty of his family. 3. To reach the tower, it was necessary that one should travel three miles up the glen. 4. That you have wronged me doth appear in this. 5. It was necessary that he should support himself by his own exertions. 6. It is quite possible that one should be very busy without achieving anything. 7. It was in vain that he attempted to dazzle her with the prospect of a visionary throne. 8. That he has succeeded is the only justification of the enterprise. 9. To captivate their emotions, it was sufficient that the more obvious manifestations of human adventure and suffering should be depicted with genius and fervour.

10.

That I am wretched
Makes thee the happier.

363. Where they were to lodge that night was very far from clear to them. Or thus: Where to lodge that night was very far from clear to them.'

It is generally admitted that they acted with energy and foresight. Otherwise, as before: Their having acted with energy and foresight is generally admitted.' A third form is this: They are generally admitted to have acted with energy and foresight.' The infinitive form developed from the noun clause is displaced from the position of Subject.

EXERCISE 305.

1. How he should advance the interests of the family was his only care. 2. It seems that the aristocracy were without spirit and without influence. 3. It is by no means evident when one may interfere with effect. 4. It appears that Dryden was much gratified by the young scholar's praise. 5. How the government shall be carried on is a pressing question. 6. It is said that thousands of lives were lost. 7. It was noticed that he paid close attention to these remarks. 8. On what grounds he should put

forward his claims was to him a matter of great doubt. 9. It is not known that he ever did a benevolent action. 10. It was alleged that he had accepted bribes.

Noun Clause as Object replaced by Infinitive.

364. 'I never thought I should see him again' may be expressed thus: 'I never thought to see him again.

'He did not mention that he had been abroad' ='He did not mention (his) having been abroad.'

'They did not seem to know at what point they ought to stop.' Shortened thus: They did not seem to know at what point to stop.'

EXERCISE 306.

1. He vowed that he would devote himself entirely to the service of the princess. 2. She solemnly denied that she had conspired the death of Elizabeth. 3. He swore he should be

avenged. 4. He made me promise that I should get him a stand in some convenient place. 5. We all regretted that he persisted in his course. 6. He repented that he had spared the boy. 7. We were in doubt whether we should go or stay. 8. He had not

wherewithal he could buy a coat. 9. I am going to yonder gate to receive further direction how I may get to the place of deliverance. 10. The king knows at what time he should promise and when he should pay.

365. I found that he was the coachman of my worthy friend. The same sense is often given thus: I found him to be the coachman of my worthy friend. The object noun clause splits up into two parts: the subject of it becomes the immediate object of the principal verb, and the rest is represented as an infinitive complement to the same verb.

Some grammarians lump together the object and the infinitive under the name of a Complex Object (§ 248: and foot-note).

EXERCISE 307.

1. He desired I would immediately see him. 2. The Grand Master appointed that the battle should be done in his presence.

3. He ordered that the whole line should advance. 4. This letter requires that twenty guineas be left at the bar of the Talbot inn. 5. They intended that their son should be a sailor. 6. We profess that we are the slaves of chance. 7. We entreated that he would be merciful. 8. I found that my spirit revived with my good fortune. 9. Nobody could expect that we should be satisfied with these arrangements. 10. He declared that he was the sole survivor. Noun Clause in Complement or in Phrase into Infinitive.

366. They had made up their minds that they would not go''They had made up their minds not to go. (This might also be taken as Object.)

'I am really puzzled as to what I should think or say' as to what to think or to say?'

EXERCISE 308.

1. I am resolved that I shall have your tragedy brought on the stage this winter. 2. They have had half a dozen consultations about how the hawk is to be prepared for the morning's sport. 3. Montague was determined that he would not again appear in the character of chief minister of finance. 4. The policy of wise rulers has always been that they should disguise strong acts under popular forms. 5. The question is when operations may be advantageously begun. 6. His only chance of escape was that he should go overboard in the night. 7. He was in much perplexity as to where he should hide himself. 8. The great difficulty was not how the very words of old ballads should be secured, but how attention upon the subject at all should be arrested.

EXERCISE 309.

General examples.

1. It seems that he held a high place among his fellows. 2. I must entreat that I be informed of the name and residence

5. It cannot be 6. That he slept

of my benefactor. 3. He proved that he was worthy of his high command. 4. I regret that I must say so. expected that they should be interested in us. on the field of battle implies at least that he held his own. 7. He does not pretend that on these occasions he was actuated by public spirit; nor does it appear that he had any private advantage in view. 8. That Miss Richland should undertake that she should set him free was quite unexpected. 9. It is altogether unworthy of seekers after truth that they should bandy any reproaches. 10. That Walpole practised corruption on a large scale is indisputable. But whether he deserves all the invectives which have been uttered against him on that account may be questioned.