2. PARTICIPLE replaced by ADVERBIAL CLAUSE.

Participial Phrase (Simple) of Cause into Adverbial Clause. 328. The piece was loudly applauded, being known to be Addison's ''The piece was loudly applauded, as (for, because, since, &c.) it was known to be Addison's.'

'These things are certainly true, having been confirmed by many testimonies'; for (since, seeing that, inasmuch as, &c.) they have been confirmed.

EXERCISE 276.

1. I confess myself discharged of so much labour, having all these things ready done to my hand. 2. And they laughed him to scorn, knowing that she was dead. 3. The sheep is gregarious, having no sufficient will to form an independent project of its own. 4. He said he should be glad to go and see the tombs with me, not having visited them since he had read history. 5. We went out of the house last, being resolved to have a clear passage for our old friend. 6. Ye do err, not knowing the Scriptures, nor the power of God. 7. He refused all their invitations, resolved to devote himself to the interests of his native land. 8. The crew abandoned the ship, believing that she was sinking. 9. The Koreishites dared not approach nor molest the prophet, being deterred by the looks of these terrible men of battle, Hamza and Omar.

10. Thou hast betrayed thy nature and thy name,
Not rendering true answer.

Participle (Absolute) of Time into Adverbial Clause. 329. The corral being thus prepared, the beaters address themselves to drive in the elephants' When (after, now that, &c.) the corral has been thus prepared, the beaters address themselves to drive in the elephants.'

=

'He alone entered, the rest of us waiting without'=' He alone entered, while the rest of us waited without.'

1.

EXERCISE 277.

My story being done,

She gave me for my pains a world of sighs.

2. It drawing towards night, they got him to bed. 3. Their plans

concerted, they sought and found the King in his cabinet in the Louvre. 4. We sitting, as I said, the cock crowed loud.

5. The service ended, round the pious man,

With ready zeal, each honest rustic ran.

6. Richard having been deposed, Henry became King. 7. This uttered, straining all his nerves he bowed. 8. The ghost appeared, the bell then beating one. 9. The gloss of novelty once dulled, the ways of the ship once mastered, and the characters of those around him once comprehended, life on board must have appeared to his eager, restless nature, but wearisome and monotonous.

10.

Six frozen winters spent,

Return with welcome home from banishment.

Participle (Absolute) of Cause into Adverbial Clause, 330. The leader's heart not being in the work, the expedition failed''As (because, since, &c.) the leader's heart was not in the work, the expedition failed; or, The expedition failed, for the leader's heart was not in the work.'

EXERCISE 278.

1. The last of these voyages not proving very fortunate, I grew weary of the sea. 2. The habitation being quite solitary, we arrived at the door without being observed. 3. The wind having fallen, the sea gradually became calm. 4. The Duke was arrested, a charge of treason being laid against him. 5. The sailors profited by our satisfaction, the shoe that was nailed to the mast being quite filled with our liberality. 6. His hunger being appeased, he began to be in better humour. 7. Our guide not insisting upon his demand, the knight soon recovered his good humour. 8. The hour of appointment being now come, he was forced to take a hasty leave. 9. Nor was Adams himself suffered to go home, it being a stormy night. 10. It being a very cold day when he made his will, he left for mourning to every man in the parish a great frieze coat, and to every woman a black ridinghood.

331. The general having fallen, the army retreated' When (and because) the general fell, the army retreated.'

=

'Cæsar having now conquered all Gaul, parts of Britain could be seen from parts of the Roman dominions'' Now that Caesar had conquered all

Gaul-As Cæsar had now conquered all Gaul -parts of Britain could be seen from parts of the Roman dominions.'

The meaning of Time is intermixed with the meaning of Cause or Reason.

EXERCISE 279.

1. The arbitration of the French king having failed to satisfy the Barons, war began. 2. His peaceful proposal being rejected, he determined to make his way by valour. 3. The great man down, you mark his favourite flies. 4. His calling laid aside, he lived at ease. 5. You sleep in peace, the tyrant being slain. 6. A storm coming on, they made for refuge towards the coast of Sicily. 7. The mutual exasperation of parties had been growing in intensity, each ascribing to the other the most hateful designs. 8. The Spanish arrangements being complete, the Armada sailed from the mouth of the Tagus, May 29, 1588. 9. Your life being now attended with so many evils, why are you not willing to die? 10. There being nobody but us two here, tell me now further about the place whither we are going.

Participle (Impersonal) of Condition into Adverbial Clause. 332. Considering the difficulties of his position, he has acted admirably. Otherwise: If we (or you) consider the difficulties of his position, he has acted admirably.'

Admitting that this hope should be accomplished, what do you gain by the imposition of your victorious amity? The meaning may be expressed otherwise: Though it be admitted that this hope should be accomplished, what do you gain?"

The participle has no apparent subject. The regular construction of the participial adjunct to the subject would be restored by the supposition of an easy ellipsis. Considering the difficulties of his position, (one, I, we, you, &c. must acknowledge that) he has acted admirably.' Admitting that this hope should be accomplished, (one, I, we, &c. have still to ask) what do you gain?'

EXERCISE 280.

1. The apartment, considering the size of the vessel, was spacious and high. 2. Strictly speaking, every one must educate

himself. 3. Allowing the title of the house of Lancaster to be legal, Henry himself was not the true heir of that family. 4. Saving the Rectory, there was no other large house for miles around. 5. Comparing long periods of time, it may be justly asserted that the administration of government has progressively become more equitable. 6. And-what was worse still, judging from the Eschylean point of view-there was a certain novelty of speculation. 7. Generally speaking, the character of this mountain chain is rugged and stern. 8. Putting aside fables, there is quite enough to show that very few kings, or even men of any sort, have been so great and good as Alfred. 9. Assuming this to be true, the point I contend for necessarily follows. 10. Admitting that there exists in Africa something like to courts of justice, yet what an office of humiliation and meanness is it in us to take upon ourselves to carry into execution the partial, the cruel, iniquitous sentences of such courts! 11. But allowing that these stories are allegories, they are fables, which, considering the opinions of mankind that prevailed in the age of the poet, might possibly have been according to the letter.

12. But granting now we should agree,

What is it you expect from me?

Participle (Simple) with Conjunction into Adverbial Clause. 333.While wishing you all success, I think you should not have made the attempt' While I wish you all success, I think you should not have made the attempt.'

The blow, though turned, came yet too nigh' 'The blow, though it was turned, came yet too nigh.'

The Participle is again exemplified as typical. All the forms of adjective phrase, as well as the adjective itself, may be used with an introductory conjunction, which indicates the special shade of qualifying meaning intended. Compare §§ 183, 288-9.

EXERCISE 281.

1. Even though vanquished, he could argue still. 2. While professedly describing an uncertified past, their combinations are involuntarily borrowed from the surrounding present. 3. When last seen, he was going in the direction of the railway station. 4. The Huguenots, though dispersed over the whole kingdom, formed a kind of separate empire. 5. He was objected to as being a foreigner. 6. I will not fight against thee unless compelled. 7. The mines, if worked by forced labour, must have been a

source of endless oppression. 8. Spain, while supporting Elizabeth, believed her ruin to be certain. 9. These people have lighter taxes, because living beyond the municipal boundary. 10. For the Irishry, Molyneux, though boasting that he was the champion of liberty, though professing to have learned his political principles from Locke's writings, and though confidently expecting Locke's applause, asked nothing but a more cruel and more hopeless slavery.

3. INFINITIVE replaced by ADVERBIAL CLAUSE.

Infinitive of Cause into Adverbial Clause.

334. O, then the earth shook to see the heavens on fire'=', then the earth shook because (or since, as, &c.) it saw the heavens on fire.'

'I am to blame to be thus waited for'='I am to blame since (or as, seeing that, &c.) I am thus waited for?

2. Your King must be a very cruel master to have so many traitors among his subjects. 3. I am glad to see you well. 4. We were much disappointed to meet with so little encouragement. 5. The men were very much surprised to hear this account of the affair. 6. I am delighted to have the opportunity of obliging you. 7. The governor was alarmed to learn that a large force was marching against him. 8. You may be a gentleman, Sir; but you don't show yourself as one, to talk Latin to a woman. 9. What words the parent's joy can tell to hear his infant cry! 10. The Tuscans raised a joyful cry

To see the red blood flow.

Infinitive of Condition, or Manner, into Adverbial Clause. 335. A critic would do well to imitate this courteous knight'' A critic would do well if he should imitate this courteous knight-were he to imitate this courteous knight.'

'You would be impolitic to give any opinion on the point'='You would be impolitic if you were to give-should you give—any opinion.'