seen such wonders in all his travels. 7. In cases of serious difficulty, there is little help to be had. 8. Three great riversthe Rhine, the Meuse, and the Scheld-had deposited their slime for ages among the dunes and sand banks heaved up by the ocean around their mouths. 9. The Conqueror built a fortress on the present site of the Tower of London. 10. With a great regular army, limited monarchy, such as it was in the middle ages, can exist no longer.

Prepositional Phrase of Time into Adverbial Clause. 313. At the date of Samson's death, Eli was high priest' When Samson died, Eli was high priest.'

=

During the gale, the ship ran before the wind' ='While the gale lasted, the ship ran before the

wind.'

6

Towards the end of his reign, he was less successful in his wars'=' As his reign drew to an end, he was less successful in his wars.'

EXERCISE 259.

1. At the commencement of the long contest, every advantage had been on their side. 2. On the approach of the English under Surrey, James posted his army on the crest of Flodden Hill. 3. The hall had resounded with acclamations at the inauguration of thirty kings. 4. Those troublesome changes take place at every new election. 5. There was profound silence during the minister's speech. 6. On hearing that the caravan was safe, they came to a halt. 7. At the time of the Western Insurrection, the duke had been placed under arrest. 8. He was drowned in crossing a river. 9. The king, on his return from the Continent, found his subjects in no bland humour. 10. Some of the edicts of the higher magistrates acquired in process of time the force of laws.

314. Those assemblies existed long before the union of the states under one crown': long before the states were united under one crown.'

'After residing many months abroad, he returned to London'=' After he had resided many months abroad, he returned.'

They waited anxiously till the decision of the case'; or, 'till the case was decided.

EXERCISE 260.

1. Before our entrance, the business was begun. 2. The body was found after a long search. 3. For long years before the actual breaking out of hostilities, the mutual exasperation of parties had been growing in intensity. 4. Soon after sunrise the roar of the cannon began to be heard. 5. They remained in Egypt till Herod's death. 6. The incursions of the Northmen began before the accession of Egbert. 7. Be patient until our return. 8. By six o'clock we were ready to go ashore. 9. Upon the reading of this letter, there was not a dry eye in the club. 10. After full inquiry and impartial reflection, we have long been convinced of this.

315. Upon the Knight's first rising, the court was hushed. There are several equivalent forms: 'As soon as the knight rose, the court was hushed;’ ' no sooner did the knight rise, than the court was hushed;' 'the moment (that) the knight rose, the court was hushed;' scarcely had the knight risen when the court was hushed.'

EXERCISE 261.

1. The Speaker's guilt had been apparent on the first inspection of the accounts. 2. Immediately on the postilion's lashing the man that had taken hold of his horse, a great cabbage came whirling like a bombshell into the carriage. 3. On hearing of his death, she vowed revenge. 4. Upon our first entering, Sir Roger winked to me, and pointed to something that stood behind the door. 5. Immediately on our becoming acquainted with the matter, we took the necessary steps. 6. Just on our leaving Dunkirk Roads, the winds became contrary. 7. I shall go out immediately after finishing my work. 8. On awaking, I found that my purse was gone. 9. On the appearance of difficulties, he abandoned the work.

1. Edward I. was out of the kingdom at his father's death. 2. In the midst of this discourse the bell rang to dinner. 3. Upon our sitting down to it, he gave us a long account how he had caught the fish. 4. In our return home, my companion entertained me with his adventures. 5. The king could dismiss the Estates of

the realm at his pleasure. 6. At the sight of the old man's writing, Sir Andrew burst into tears. 7. After long disagreement, they at length consented to part for ever. 8. Revenge my death, on the earliest opportunity. 9. He rode three days before meeting with adventure. 10. Most of those changes have taken place within the present century.

Prepositional Phrase of Degree into Adverbial Clause.

316. He wrote and spoke with the exactness of a professor. The sense might be given thus: He wrote and spoke as exactly as a professor (writes and speaks).'

'She sang with unwonted grace'=' She sang more gracefully than ever (she sang before)—than

usual!

'She sang with charming sweetness''She sang so sweetly that her hearers were charmed.

In the phrases there are two elements-an expression of manner, and an expression of the degree of the manner. In the second form, the manner is given by an adverb; the degree appears as a clause modifying the adverb.

EXERCISE 263.

1. Trespassers will be prosecuted with the utmost rigour of the law. 2. He is again working with his usual energy. 3. He performs his experiments with unfailing certainty. 4. This judge punishes with unusual severity. 5. He spoke at the highest pitch of his voice. 6. He rode at full speed. 7. He ought to act with greater decision. 8. The author can speak on his subject with special authority. 9. The general advanced with irresistible force. 10. The enemy fled with fatal precipitation across the river.

317. They are charged in proportion to (or according to) their age'='The older they are, the more they are charged,' or 'The younger they are, the less they are charged.'

'The enthusiasm rose with the danger'='The enthusiasm rose as the danger rose.'

'It was too late for retreat'='It was so late that a retreat could not be effected—that we (or they, &c.) could not retreat.

EXERCISE 264.

1. They contributed in proportion to their incomes. 2. Public discontent increased with the development of the king's power. 3. With the growth of his fame grew the danger of prosecution. 4. In proportion to the hurry there was want of thoroughness. 5. With the increase of his embarrassments, Charles VII. more frequently appealed to the states. 6. There was too little return for the labour expended. 7. Each man laboured according to his strength. 8. With every fresh exaction the rebellious spirit of the townsmen was raised. 9. The sum was too difficult for the boy's powers of calculation. 10. With closer study the project became less and less satisfactory.

Prepositional Phrase of Belief into Adverbial Clause.

318. Now, by my life, old fools are babes again.' The writer might have given the same meaning by a clause: 'Now, as I live, old fools are babes again.'

'The Batavians, according to Tacitus, were the bravest of all the Germans.' Otherwise: 'The Batavians, as Tacitus declares, were the bravest of all the Germans.'

The heading is stretched so as to cover such allied ideas as opinion, asseveration, adjuration, &c. Some of the examples might, with propriety enough, appear elsewhere, according to their fundamental meaning of degree, manner, condition, &c. But, on the whole, the practical force of the expressions leads us to group them here.

1.

EXERCISE 265.

Upon my life,

This spirit, dumb to us, will speak to him. 2. By Jupiter! this shall not be revoked. 3. The Belge were, according to Caesar's testimony, the bravest of all the Celts. 4. To my certain knowledge, he has applied three times. 5. Kent, on thy life, no more! 6. The exiles were forbidden to return at the peril of their lives. 7. To my thinking, he would fain have had it. 8. On thine allegiance, hear me! 9. By their uniforms, they appeared to be regular soldiers. 10. Addison always treated Pope, by Pope's own acknowledgment, with justice. 11. The decay of trade, in the judgment of these enlightened politicians, was brought about by Walpole and corruption. 12. Pious divines of Roman blood charged William, on the peril of his soul, not to forget that the vanquished islanders were his fellow creatures.

Prepositional Phrase of Cause into Adverbial Clause. 319. Raleigh was thrown into the Tower for taking share in a plot'=' Raleigh was thrown into the Tower because he took share in a plot.'

'The prisoner has been discharged for want of legal proof of his guilt'=' The prisoner has been discharged because (as, since, seeing that) there is no legal proof of his guilt'—for his guilt cannot be legally proved!'

'I rejoice at his good fortune'='I rejoice that (because, &c.) he has been fortunate.'

EXERCISE 266.

1. James I.'s appearance was awkward, chiefly from the weakness of his knees. 2. The sailors perished for want of provisions. 3. In the Star Chamber men were severely punished for resisting the policy of the King. 4. He is proud of his high birth. 5. This is good only in the absence of better. 6. He has been much censured for paying little attention to his business. 7. On account of the palpable absurdity of these errors, I have seldom directly repelled them. 8. You will be hanged for being so long absent. 9. The ship was detained by stress of weather. 10. Insects were scarce owing to the dryness of the season and the absence of frost.

EXERCISE 267.

1. Marullus and Flavius, for pulling scarfs off Caesar's images, are put to silence. 2. How they cringe and bow to that Creole because of her hundred thousand pounds! 3. By their command of the sea, it was easy for the pirates to harass every part of the island. 4. In consideration of their penitence and wretchedness, they were permitted to come together again. 5. Avaux, in conformity with his instructions, demanded an audience of the states. 6. In pursuance of the treaty, the Lacedæmonians withdrew their troops. 7. He expressed great sorrow at my misfortune. 8. In deference to your opinion, we shall change our plan. 9. He cannot go out owing to his weak health. 10. We left the room in compliance with this request.

320. 'After a number of trials, we conclude that all stones sink in water'=' When (after, &c.) we have made a number of trials, we conclude that all stones sink in water.'