of the old man extends to the children of his children. 10. Now were intermingled the vociferations of coachmen, of guards, and of porters, and the greetings of passengers.

Prepositional Phrase replaced by Participle, restrictive. 267. The paintings on the walls are very valuable.' More fully thus:- the paintings hanging on the walls-adorning the walls are very valuable.'

The arguments of the lawyer were convincing' The arguments used by the lawyer were convincing.'

'The ambassador set out with a secretary of his own choosing. That is a secretary chosen by himself!

EXERCISE 223.

1. He wore a shirt of mail. 2. The apartments of the duke are private. 3. The former laws against usury were enforced by a new statute. 4. The covenant between Abraham and his Invisible Guide was simple. 5. The ships in the harbour are gay with flags. 6. Can you read the name upon the stone? 7. Not a few marks of carelessness were evident. 8. The flag at the masthead was shot away. 9. The hills beyond the village are steep. 10. We have received information on all the points | in the statement before us.

us

11. These are goods of our own making. 12. He would have mourn for those fair temples of our fathers' building. 13. Such were the favourite objects of his pursuit. 14. Will you take a husband of your friends' choosing? 15. The laws that they obeyed were laws of their own framing, and the men that bore rule over them were rulers of their own choosing.

Prepositional Phrase replaced by Participle, co-ordinating. 268. The Queen, on the advice of Harley, determined to dismiss her servants.' Or, The Queen, acting on the advice of Harley, determined to dismiss her servants.'

The parliament, at the instigation of Henry, passed an act of attainder against the late king.' The same sense is given thus:- The parliament, instigated by Henry, passed an act of attainder.'

M

EXERCISE 224.

1. The messenger, on a fleet dromedary, hastened to summon relief. 2. The judges, in their vestments of state, attended to give advice on points of law. 3. Milton, in imitation of Homer and Virgil, opens his great poem thus. 4. The army of the Convention, under General Mackay, marched against Dundee. 5. The great traveller, at my request, recounted all his adventures. 6. Many invalids, on the advice of their physicians, go to the south of France. 7. The chief, with the utmost selfconfidence, at once accepted the challenge. 8. The victor, at the head of a large army, now entered the city. 9. One of the conspirators, in great fear of discovery, betrayed the whole plot. 10. Here, under leave of Brutus and the rest,

Come I to speak in Cæsar's funeral.

4. PARTICIPLE replaced by OTHER ADJECTIVE PHRASES.

Participle replaced by Possessive Case, restrictive. 269. The poems written by Milton'=' Milton's poems.'

'Visits paid by angels'' Angels' visits.'

EXERCISE 225.

4. The

1. The hopes entertained by the statesman were realized. 2. The house belonging to his son-in-law was burned down. 3. Everybody praises the skill displayed by the pilot. stupidity manifested by the ostrich is amazing. 5. The country wakened up after a slumber extending over ten centuries. 6. The victory gained by Nelson at Trafalgar was decisive. 7. Do you remember the size of the ark built by Noah? 8. The thick branches cast forth by the oak form a cool shade. 9. The plan of action agreed upon by us was disclosed to the enemy. 10. They are now considering the proposal submitted by you.

Participle into Noun in Apposition, co-ordinating.

270. This advice rests on a sound principle, derived from long and wide experience'' This advice rests on a sound principle, the result of long and wide experience.'

Having shared the distresses of their prince, (=Sharers in the distresses of their prince,) were they not to share his triumph?'

EXERCISE 226.

1. He, a Negro, and enslaved,
Sang of Israel's victory.

2. The king, having conquered in the first battle, now advanced with great spirit. 3. Every morning the great man was attended by a crowd of clients, suing for his favour. 4. At my request he would sing old songs, produced among his native hills. 5. My uncle, actively participating in all the engagements, was very rapidly promoted. 6. There were many bitter recriminations, unavoidably springing from the injudicious conduct of both parties. 7. Outside stood the people, silently and sorrowfully looking on. 8. Licentiousness had produced its ordinary effect, degrading women morally and intellectually. 9. Driven from their homes, and wandering through foreign lands, they wished to avoid all fellowship with men.

10. Now stood Eliza on the wood-crowned height

O'er Minden's plain, beholding (watching, &c.) the fight.

Participle into Prepositional Phrase, restrictive. 271. ‘The islands lying in the bay are much resorted to in summer.' More shortly: The islands in the bay are much resorted to in summer.'

'Every unguarded word uttered by him was noted down'='Every unguarded word of his was noted down.'

'All your difficulties are created by yourself, or are (difficulties) created by yourself. Another form is: All your difficulties are of your own creating.'

EXERCISE 227.

1. The garrison stationed in the town is much respected. 2. We shall attack the battery occupying the height near the shore. 3. The games played on the lawn were very interesting. 4. The shadow cast by the tower is very long. 5. You should protect the bark encasing the tree. 6. The most splendid victories recorded in the history of the middle ages were gained against great odds by the English armies. 7. A star shaped like a sword had hung for a year over the city. 8. The bridge spanning the river is new. 9. The marshes bordering on the town cause much ill health. 10. They left the gods worshipped by their fathers.

11. The old woman brought him to himself by cordials prepared by her own hand. 12. All our great bargains are (bargains) purchased by him. 13. Children bred up alone often have an early shrewdness. 14. Nothing better could ensue from a vulgar

play chosen by our neighbour. 15. If the gooseberry-wine was well knit, the gooseberries were (gooseberries) gathered by her.

Participle into Prepositional Phrase, co-ordinating.

272. The Saxons, having resisted bravely, gradually gave way.' The same sense is given thus: The Saxons, after a brave resistance, gradually gave way.'

David, depressed by captivity, engaged to do homage.' We might say also:-David, under the depression of captivity, engaged to do homage.'

EXERCISE 228.

1. Parliament, accepting the invitation of the Government, has followed this perilous course. 2. Thus pressed, James unwillingly yielded. 3. Lewis, situated as he was, could contribute nothing but promises. 4. Collingwood, sailing in the Royal Sovereign, led the lee-line. 5. The British infantry, formed into solid squares, met every charge firmly. 6. A royal force, commanded by the Duke of Sussex, was sent against the insurgents. 7. Having had no previous training in politics, she was quite unable to hold her own. 8. Relying on this assurance, the Lords granted the regent's entreaty. 9. Advancing rapidly, he threw himself between the enemy and the town. 10. Abu Sofian, enraged and mortified, upbraided Mahomet with cowardice.

III. ADJECTIVE PHRASE replaced by

ADJECTIVE CLAUSE.

273. All the forms of the Adjective Phrase share in this interchange, although by no means to an equal extent. The ADJECTIVE CLAUSE gives the sense with increased fulness, precision, and stress. The pupil will weigh the various modes of expression so as to judge when the longer clause form is desirable or necessary. It should not be used when a lighter phrase would serve adequately for the occasion.

In the following Exercises, the proper relative pronouns and the adverbial substitutes for these are both employed in introducing the Clauses.

1. POSSESSIVE CASE replaced by ADJECTIVE CLAUSE.

Possessive Case replaced by Adjective Clause, restrictive. 274. 'Sunderland's crime could never be forgiven by James.' At more length: The crime that Sunderland had committed could never be forgiven by James.'

'His success was extraordinary.' Otherwise : 'The success that attended him-the success (that) he met with-was extraordinary.'

EXERCISE 229.

1. The prisoner's offence was certainly not a felony. 2. Cæsar's fleet was injured by a storm. 3. Is it thus you requite your father's tenderness? 4. Listen to the nightingale's song. 5. These be thy gods, O Israel. 6. Troy was taken after a ten years' siege. 7. The man-of-war's boats were swept away. 8. He likes neither winter's snow nor summer's heat. 9. Joseph's coat was a coat of many colours. 10. Their kindness to me I shall never forget.

275.' The robber's cave could not be discovered.' A longer form would give the same meaning: The cave where the robber lived (or hid himself, &c.).' That is a woman's reason is a short way of expressing That is such a reason as a woman might give!'

For additional practice, the Adjective Clauses here may be introduced by the proper relatives, as well as by the Adverbial Substitutes for these.

EXERCISE 230.

1. The Crown Prince's palace is near the Emperor's palace. 2. David chose him five smooth stones, and put them in a shepherd's bag. 3. They would not venture near the tiger's lair. 4. O, it is excellent to have a giant's strength. 5. Those events happened in William the Conqueror's time. 6. His perplexity was natural enough. 7. The admiral's position was not free from danger. 8. The lover sees Helen's beauty in a brow of Egypt. 9. Our difficulties were thereby increased.

10. And with a master's hand, and prophet's fire,

(The poet) struck the deep sorrows of his lyre,