C. OSMOSIS AND DIGESTION. 1. Proofs that water and grape sugar will pass through a membrane; definition and law of osmosis. 2. Proofs that starch and protein will not pass through a membrane; digestion of starch; definition of digestion; digestive ferments. D. ADAPTATIONS OF THE NUTRITIVE ORGANS OF PLANTS. 1. Roots: gross structure; structure of a root-hair; functions of roots; adaptations of roots. 2. Stems: gross structure of a woody stem; functions of stems; adaptations of stems; changes in stems during growth. 3. Leaves: gross and microscopical structure; functions of leaves; adaptations of leaves. E. RESPIRATION AND THE PRODUCTION OF ENERGY IN PLANTS. 1. Energy: examples in plants; proof that heat energy is developed in growing seedlings; transformations of energy; source of energy; oxidation as a means of liberating energy. 2. Respiration: definition; proof of the necessity of air for plants and of the production of carbon dioxide by plants. F. REPRODUCTION IN SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS. 1. Floral envelopes: names of the parts of each floral envelope; position and general description of the floral envelopes in the flowers studied; functions of each of the floral envelopes. 2. Essential organs: name, number, position, and parts of each of the essential organs; general description and functions of the parts of each of the essential organs. 3. Pollination. a. Self-pollination: definition; devices to prevent it in flowers studied. b. Cross-pollination: definition; devices to make it possible in flowers studied; agencies which secure cross-pollina tion; comparative vigor of plants from seeds resulting from cross-pollinated and from self-pollinated flowers. 4. Fertilization. a. Cellular nature of pollen and ovules; germination of pollen grains. b. Structure of ovule. c. Process of fertilization; production of the embryo. 5. Fruits. a. Structure of each of fruits studied; definition of a fruit; classification of fruits. b. Necessity for seed-dispersal; agencies by which seed-dispersal is brought about; adaptations of fruits and seeds to secure dispersal by each of these agencies. c. Adaptations for protecting seeds of unripe edible fruits; adaptations for protecting seeds of ripe edible fruits. G. PLANT PROPAGATION. 1. Bean seed and its development into a seedling: markings on seed; their cause or function; seed covering; position and kinds of stored food; description of parts of embryo; parts of the plant which develop from the parts of the embryo; breaking of seedling through the soil. 2. (Optional.) Corn grain and its development into a seedling: description of the parts of the embryo; position and kinds of stored food; breaking of seedling through the soil; various parts of the plant which develop from each of the parts of the embryo. 3. Definitions: seed, seedling, germination, seed coats, micropyle, hilum, embryo, cotyledon, plumule, hypocotyl, endosperm, primary and secondary roots. 4. Experiments to show — a. Function of endosperm of corn grain. b. (Optional.) Relation of water and temperature to germination. 5. (Optional.) Other methods of plant propagation: grafting; slips, runners, and layers; tubers; bulbs. 6. Conditions essential for the growth of plants: five essential conditions; conditions of soil favorable for growth; methods of soil improvement. 7. (Optional.) Struggle for existence and its effects: Variation among plants; numbers of seeds produced by plants; struggle for existence among plants; survival of the fittest. 8. (Optional.) Improvement of plants by man: artificial selection of favorable variations; artificial crossing of related species; some of the valuable crops of New York State; some of the methods of increasing crop production. H. PLANTS IN THEIR RELATION TO HUMAN WELFARE. 1. Some uses of plants to man. a. Uses of plants for food. b. Uses of plants for flavoring extracts, beverages, and medicines. c. Uses of plants for clothing. 2. Forests and forest conservation.1 a. Definitions. (1) A forest means a growth of trees sufficiently dense to form a fairly unbroken canopy of trees. A forest has a population of animals and plants peculiar to itself, a soil of its own making, and a climate different from that of the open country. (2) "Forestry is the preservation of forests by wise use." ROOSEVELT. b. Value of forests. (1) Esthetic value beauty of form and color of forest trees. (2) Value in affecting drainage. (a) By retaining water in the soil through the agency of the roots. The authors are indebted to Miss Kate B. Hixon, of the Morris High School, New York, N.Y., for the review topics on Forests and Forest Conservation. (b) By preventing too rapid evaporation from the soil, through the help of the foliage. (c) By retarding the melting of snow, thus preventing freshets. (3) Value in affecting climate. (a) By bringing moisture into the air, which falls as rain. (b) By setting oxygen free into the air in the process of starch making. (c) By acting as a windbreak. (4) Economic value. (a) As a source of lumber and fuel. (b) As a source of food (nuts, maple sugar, etc.). c. Dangers to forests. (1) Fires. (2) Insects. (3) Grazing of cattle. d. Results of deforestation. (4) Careless lumbering. (5) Fungi that cause disease. (1) Main cause of freshets, which cause destruction of property and loss of life; they also fill up navigable streams with soil and débris. (2) Drouth, with the consequent lessening of water power. (3) Timber famine, especially in hard woods. e. Methods used by the Government Bureau of Forestry to preserve forests. (1) Allow only the cutting of dead or mature trees. (2) Insist that each tree cut be replaced by another of the same kind. (3) Prevent the spread of fires. (4) Destroy insects that are injurious to trees. (5) Restrict cattle grazing to certain seasons. 3. Fungi and their relation to human welfare. a. Bacteria; microscopical appearance and size; reproduc tion; necessary conditions for growth; relation (1) to soil fertility, (2) to flavors of food, (3) to the industries, (4) to diseases. b. (Optional.) Yeast: microscopical appearance and size; reproduction; changes caused by yeast; uses of yeast. c. (Optional.) Bread mold; structure; reproduction and life history; nutrition in the fungi. d. (Optional.) Other fungi: mushrooms, rusts, and smuts; economic importance. I. PLANT CLASSIFICATION. 1. Common methods of classification. a. Herbs, shrubs, and trees: define each; give examples. examples. c. Deciduous and evergreen trees and shrubs: define cach; give examples. 2. (Optional.) Scientific method of classification. a. Seed-producing plants. (1) Gymnosperms and angiosperms. (2) Monocotyledons and dicotyledons. b. Spore-producing plants. Note. (1) Ferns fern plant; spores; prothallus; fertilization (3) Algæ: Spirogyra, its structure, methods of reproduc- (4) Fungi (see H, 3, above). The following outlines were prepared by Miss Martha F. Goddard, late of the Morris High School, New York, N.Y. They furnish an admirable review of the most important nutritive |