strip the trees of their leaves. The female moth is wingless (Fig. 11). When she emerges from her cocoon, she lays a mass of eggs upon the

outer surface of the cocoon and secretes about them a white foamy mass which hardens (Fig. 11). If this occurs in the autumn, the eggs

remain during the winter, and the following spring hatch out. The young caterpillars attack the leaves of the tree on which they have hatched out, or if the cocoon was placed elsewhere, they crawl up the nearest tree and start business at once. They are great travelers, and this is the way they spread through a neighborhood, since,

as already mentioned, the female cannot fly. To capture these insects one may place a band of cotton batting around the trunk of each of the trees one wishes to protect. The larvæ do not usually crawl over this but will, if mature, pro

ceed to pupate underneath the band. All pupæ and egg masses should be collected (Fig. 12) and burned. This is about as much as the individual can do. Where a spraying apparatus is available the trees should be sprayed with lead arsenate, thus killing all the caterpillars. This caterpillar is rather handsome as caterpillars go, having a

FIG. 12.-Morris High School boys removing 63,020 eggs of tussock moth from four trees on school grounds. Work directed by Paul B. Mann. (Photographed by Lewis Enowitz.) bright red head and a series of yellow tufts of hair on the dorsal part of the body (Fig. 11).

16. Gypsy moth and brown tail moth. The gypsy moth (Fig. 13) was brought into Massachusetts from Europe in 1869 in connection with scientific experiments. Some of these specimens acci

FIG. 13.-Life history of gypsy moth. (Prepared by Kny-Scheerer Co. Photographed by E. R. Sanborn, N. Y. Zoölogical Park.)

dentally escaped and gradually increased until the damage to fruit, forest, and shade trees caused by the larvæ was so evident that property owners had to call upon the state to aid in their extermina

tion. Nearly one million dollars was expended during a period of ten years. At the end of this time the number of the insects was so reduced that it was impossible to convince taxpayers of the necessity for further appropriations to complete the extermination. Since then the gypsy moths have spread over the whole state of Massachusetts and into the adjoining states.

The larvæ of another moth, the brown tail, has likewise caused great damage in the New England states. The New York State Department of Education is sending out colored pictures of the life history of both of these insects with the following statement regarding them."Warning - Take Notice. There is grave danger of both of these dangerous pests being brought into New York State. They have destroyed thousands of trees in Massachusetts, and they will do the same in New York unless checked. All are hereby urged to become familiar with the general appearance and work of these

York State alone is estimated at three million dollars each year. According to Professor Hodge (" Nature Study and Life") the cod

ling moth " was early imported from Europe and is now at home wherever fruit is cultivated in this country and Canada, causing a loss of from 25 to 75 per cent of the apple crop, as well as that of many other fruits. In the heavy bearing years the wormy apples fall off and are discarded, but the great number of apples serves to rear enormous numbers of the worms, and, according to my observations and experience, in the off years, when apples would be valuable, the worms take the whole crop.

"The larvæ change to pupæ in May, emerge as moths in late May or June, and lay their eggs for the first brood in June. The larvæ generally crawl into the calyx cup of the young apples and eat their way to the core, complete their growth in about three weeks, commonly eat their way out through the side of the apple, and either spin to the ground and crawl to the trunk of the tree or crawl down the branches and make their cocoons under the bark again. This occurs with the greater number early in July. This habit affords one of the most vulnerable points of attack. To trap practically all the codling moths in an orchard it is only necessary to scrape all loose bark off from the trees and fasten around the trunks a band of burlap or heavy paper. Remove the bands and collect all larvæ once a week during July." The practice of most commercial growers at the present time, however, is to depend very largely or entirely on spraying with a poison (e.g. arsenate of lead, 47). One application, even, a week or ten days after the blossoms fall, if thorough, will frequently give 95 per cent to 98 per cent of sound fruit.1

18. Clothes moths. "The little buff-colored clothes moths (Fig. 15) sometimes seen flitting about rooms, attracted to lamps at night, or dislodged from infested garments or portières, are themselves harmless enough, for their mouth parts are rudimentary, and no food whatever is taken in the winged state. The destruction occasioned by these pests is, therefore, limited entirely to the feeding or larval stage. The killing of the moths by the aggrieved

1 The authors are indebted to Mr. E. P. Felt, state entomologist of New York, for this and several other suggestions relating to insects.