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9. A merchant vessel starts from Gibraltar to cruise round the Mediterranean, touching at all ports. At each port she takes in as cargo some of the produce or manufactures of the place. Of what articles would her cargo be found to consist upon her return to Gibraltar?

CEYLON

WRITERS. June 1877.

INTERNATIONAL LAW.

Time allowed, 3 hours.

1. What are the ordinary contents of a Proclamation of Neutrality?
2. Notice some of the questions of International Law that have risen
out of conflicting claims with regard to straits, bays, and
rivers.

3. Illustrate, by examples, the doctrine that coal is or is not contraband
according to its destination.

4. Is one state answerable to another for the imperfection of its municipal laws?

5. What attempts to lessen the horrors of war have received the sanc-
tion of International Law?

6. In what sense are ships of war said to be extra-territorial ?
7. Discuss the various modes in which new states may be formed.
8. Give instances showing under what circumstances and in what
ways a state is entitled to ask redress for injuries sustained by
its subjects residing in foreign countries.

9. When does a ship lawfully captured cease to be the property of its
owners?

10. What controversies were intended to be closed by the Declaration of Paris, 1856 ?

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW.

Time allowed, 3 hours.

1. Notice some of the abuses attending the creation of royal forests, and the measures adopted at various times to remedy or lessen them.

2. Shew the importance in the constitutional history of England of the special powers of the Court of King's Bench.

3. Describe the position of the House of Commons at the time of the death of Edward the Third.

4. What privileges of Parliament had been successfully or unsuccessfully asserted before the accession of Henry VII.?

5. Account for different systems of parliamentary elections prevailing in different boroughs.

6. Give a sketch of constitutional history in the time of James I.

7. What is meant in English law by the liberty of the subject?

8. Give instances showing what is meant by constructive treason.

9. To what points of constitutional law did the proceedings of Wilkes give rise, and how were they settled?

10. Illustrate, from the history of the state trials, the gradual advance of judicial independence and impartiality.

CEYLON WRITERS.

June 1877.

POLITICAL ECONOMY.

Time allowed, 3 hours.

1. Define Political Economy, and show what is meant to be included and excluded by the definition.

2. What was meant by the Mercantile System? Account for the wide reception and subsequent rejection it has experienced.

3. Show the fallacy of confounding capital with money. Can there be a glut of capital?

4. What additions to, or corrections of, Adam Smith's account of the advantages of the division of labour have been suggested by later writers?

5. Examine the effect of cost of carriage on prices.

6. Why is almost all the gold found in different parts of the world brought to England?

7. Criticise the statement that the rate of profit depends on general

prices.

8. Give the answer to Sir Robert Peel's question "What is a pound?" 9. Account for the absorption of silver by the East.

10. What taxes does a tradesman get back in the price of the articles he sells, and what does he not? Give instances.

11. Would it, or would it not be in harmony with the principle of the Poor Law that the state should endeavour to avert pauperism by contributing to the expenses of emigration?

APPENDIX VIII.

CORRESPONDENCE RELATING TO THE HOME CIVIL SERVICE.

M M

22.

CORRESPONDENCE.

HOME CIVIL SERVICE.

Notices of Ap

SIR,

CIRCULAR.
[37.]

Civil Service Commission, 31st May 1877. In compliance with a suggestion made to them by the Lords of pointments and the Treasury, the Civil Service Commissioners direct me to transmit, Promotions. for the information of copy of a Minute passed by this Board explanatory of the course of proceeding to be adopted in carrying out the provisions of Clause 20 of the Order in Council of 12th February 1876.

Your obedient servant,

I am, Sir,

HORACE MANN, Secretary.

ENCLOSURE.

MINUTE BY THE CIVIL SERVICE COMMISSIONERS.

Friday, 18th May 1877.

Read, correspondence between this Board and the Lords of the Treasury respecting the duty imposed upon the Commissioners by Clause 20 of the Order in Council of 12th February 1876, which provides that "all appointments, promotions, and transfers from one office to "another shall be notified to the Civil Service Commissioners as they are made, and shall by them be published together in the number of "the 'London Gazette' first issued in each month."

66

The Commissioners are of opinion (and in this view the Lords of the Treasury concur) that the clause quoted requires them to gazette, with the exceptions hereafter stated,—(1.) All appointments for which they grant certificates of qualification, and (2.) all appointments, promotions, and transfers which may be notified to them from public departments.

Exceptions.

(a.) Appointments to situations of a temporary character (such as those in connexion with temporary Commissions [Civil Service Estimates, Class VII.]); or to situations in which an absent officer is represented by a locum tenens; or to situations of a non-clerical and non-professional character, such as messengerships, &c., below and exclusive of the situation of office-keeper.

(b.) Appointments to situations not included in the first and second reports of the Playfair Commission, or in any Order in Council applying to such situations the Order of 12th February 1876. In dealing under this 20th clause with changes in their own establishment, the Commissioners (also with the concurrence of the Lords of the Treasury) will regard the term "promotions" as signifying promotions from the lower to the higher division of the service (see Clause 18), or to staff appointments, and not as referring to selections for dutypay in the lower division, or to promotions from class to class of the higher division.

LOWER DIVISION.

The Secretary, Treasury, to the Civil Service Commissioners.

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LOWER DIVISION.

20th March 1877.

I AM directed by the Lords Commissioners of the Treasury to call Transfers. your attention to the following notice, which is published in the "London Gazette" of 3rd November 1876 (p. 5858), viz. ::

"The Lords Commissioners of Her Majesty's Treasury give notice that transfers of clerks of the lower division, appointed in pursuance of the Order of Her Majesty in Council dated the 12th day of February 1876, from one department to another of the public service, require to be notified to the Treasury, for previous approval, and also to the Civil Service Commissioners, in like manner as if such clerks had been appointed under the earlier conditions of the service, with this exception that they will not be required to pass any further examination, provided the situations to which they are transferred have been recognised by the Treasury as proper to be included in the lower division."

The Civil Service Commissioners have called the attention of my Lords to a case in which a transfer of clerks from one department to another, after being sanctioned by the Treasury, was carried into effect before notice was given to the Civil Service Commissioners.

The Civil Service Commissioners, when such transfers are reported to them, call for the certificates of qualification held by the officers who are being transferred, in order to put upon them the proper endorsements. The endorsed certificate is necessary to qualify the transferred officer to receive his salary in his new situation, pursuant to Clause 2 of the Order in Council of 4th June 1870, and hence it follows that notice of all such transfers should be given to the Civil Service Commissioners before they are actually carried into effect.

I have, &c.

The Secretary, Treasury, to the Civil Service Commissioners.

MY LORD AND GENTLEMEN,

[124.]

23rd November 1877.

I AM directed by the Lords Commissioners of Her Majesty's Pay and Treasury to transmit for your information (with reference to a letter Seniority. addressed by Mr. Horace Mann to the Commissioners of National Education, Dublin, on the 25th ultimo, of which my Lords have received a copy) the accompanying copies of correspondence which has passed between the Commissioners and my Lords relative to the date of the triennial increment of a clerk of the lower division transferred from one office to another, and to his position in the office to which he is transferred.

SIR,

ENCLOSURE 1.

I am, &c.

Office of National Education, Dublin,
10th November 1877.

I AM directed by the Commissioners of National Education to request the attention of the Lords of Her Majesty's Treasury to a correspondence, copies of which are enclosed, between this Department and the Civil Service Commissioners, and to say that the Commissioners of National Education will feel obliged for a statement of their Lordships' views on the matter in question,

It seems clear that, if the career of the transferred clerk was satisfactory in the Department to which he was first appointed, the triennial increments of salary should be determined by the date of his first appointment, his conduct here being

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