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grading, there is not a glimpse of hope, not a chance the most remote, that the slightest palliative will be applied.

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The many abstract and learned terms render this passage less persuasive, but its directness, its enumeration of the reasons and of the motives for the measure, massed in summaries, are effective as a closing appeal.

Subjects

Speak to an audience, summing up your motives :

measure should be made a law.

The

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Point out a more effective study for training the mind than the study of

To be content with little is true happiness.

4. What I want to impress you with is, the great weight that is attached to the opinion of everything that can call itself a man. Give me anything that walks erect, and can read, and he shall count in the millions of the Lord's sacramental host, which is yet to come up and trample all oppression in the dust. The weeds poured forth in nature's lavish luxuriance, give them but time, and their tiny roots shall rend asunder the foundations of palaces, and crumble the Pyramids to the earth. We may be weeds in comparison with these marked men; but in the lavish luxuriance of that nature which has at least allowed us to be "thinking, reading men," I learn, Webster being my witness, that there is no throne potent enough to stand against us. It is morbid enthusiasm this that I have. Grant it. But they tell us that this heart of mine, which beats so unintermittently in the bosom, if its force could be directed against a granite pillar, would wear it to dust in the course of a man's life. Your Capitol, Daniel Webster, is marble, but the pulse of every humane man is beating against it. God will give us time, and the pulses of men shall beat it down. Take the mines, take the Harwich fishing-skiffs, take the Lowell Mills, take all the coin and the cotton, still the day must be ours, thank God, for the hearts the hearts are on our side!

There is nothing stronger than human prejudice. A sentimentalism like that of Peter the Hermit hurled half of Europe upon Asia, and changed the destinies of kingdoms. We may be crazy enough to forget for one moment the cold deductions of intellect, and let these hearts of ours beat, beat, beat, under the promptings

of a common humanity! They have put wickedness into the statute-book, and its destruction is just as certain as if they had put gunpowder under the Capitol. That is my faith. That it is which turns my eye from the ten thousand newspapers, from the forty thousand pulpits, from the millions of Whigs, from the millions of Democrats, from the might of sect, from the marble government, from the iron army, from the navy riding at anchor, from all that we are accustomed to deem great and potent, turns it back to the simplest child or woman, to the first murmured protest that is heard against bad laws. I recognize in it the great future, the first rumblings of that volcano destined to overthrow these mighty preparations, and bury in the hot lava of its full excitement all this laughing prosperity which now rests so secure on its side. PHILLIPS: Public Opinion.

No speaker had more directness than Wendell Phillips, and the quality is well exemplified here. The imperatives, the answer to supposed objections, the apostrophe to Webster, the exclamations, the contact throughout with the audience, all help to make of the speech what might be called a one-sided dialog. By comparison and examples the speaker persuades his hearers to accept the power of public opinion, which in time will prevail.

Subjects

By comparison, example, and contrast tell to an audience that:

To toil is an honor, not a dishonor.

History should not be made a mere record of wars.

Child Labor must cease.

Emulation is an aid to teaching.

Cheerfulness and good will make labor light.

It becomes no man to nurse despair,
But in the teeth of clench'd antagonisms
To follow up the worthiest till he die.

- TENNYSON: Princess.

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PART THREE

AIDS TO COMPOSITION

57. Three helps to composition are discussed in this part. The Build of the Paragraph looks chiefly to the external form although the outward structure is based upon the inner development of the thought. Should the classification seem obvious or mechanical, it will not for that reason be less helpful; rather, the manifest art makes a passage better suited for learners, who will later know how to conceal art in originality.

Analysis, the second aid, reaches into the thought both of the student and of the passage studied. It has many advantages, not the least of which is the insuring of a better and less slavish imitation.

The imagination is the faculty which is to be aided by the third chapter of this part, and no words are needed to show how helpful that faculty is to composition. Clearness, force, interest, all are helped by the imagination, and it is from that faculty that originality chiefly springs.

CHAPTER IX

THE BUILD OF PARAGRAPHS

58. The ways in which a paragraph is built up are innumerable, but as an aid to composition three common types of structure are here distinguished.

I. Paragraphs of Enumeration

59. What the proposition or topic sentence states in a summary or in general terms, the body of the paragraph enumerates in particular terms (paragraph of enumeration). The facts of a narration, the parts of a description, the details of an exposition, the proofs of a statement, the motives for persuasion, make up the enumeration.

To help clearness and to avoid the monotony of a mere catalog, phrases and clauses are often transposed from their usual place to the beginning of the sentence (inversion).

EXERCISE 30

1. The book is read with pleasure. The narrative is entertaining; the speculations, whether sound or unsound, are always ingenious; and the style, though too stiff and always pompous, is somewhat easier and more graceful than that of his early writings. MACAULAY: Johnson.

The book in question is Johnson's Journey to the Hebrides. The second sentence proves the first by enumerating the chief parts of the book and the qualities in each part, which make the book pleasant reading.

Prove by apt details that:

Subjects

The book is read with displeasure.

The house was attractive.

The campaign was successful.

Our day was a happy one.

"Man's life is a warfare."

"Life is not an empty dream."

A study is interesting.

2. The morning was fair, and freshened by a gentle wind. The boats sped rapidly along the shores, and the sea-gull sailed with wings outspread and motionless upon the breeze; the sea-lark twittered at the water's edge; the murmur of the waves as they broke upon the strand sounded sweet and distant; the leaves quivered and sparkled against the sunshine; the peasants laughed and jested at their labor in the fields, and all was cheering, tender and pastoral around them.

GRIFFIN: The Collegians.

How do the enumerated details of this brief description illustrate the "fair morning" and the "gentle wind"? The order proceeds from the sea to inland and fitly ends with man.

Subjects

Sketch:

An evening in a gale.

A city or country in a snowstorm.
A forest in a fire.

A home during house-cleaning.

A crowded street in the rain.

A school dismissed before a thunderstorm.

3. The crisis was indeed formidable. The great and victorious empire, on the throne of which George the Third had taken his seat eighteen years before, with brighter hopes than had attended the accession of any of the long line of English Sovereigns, had, by the most senseless misgovernment, been brought to the verge of ruin. In America millions of Englishmen were at war with the country from which their blood, their language, their religion, and their institutions were derived, and to which, but a short time before, they had been as strongly attached as the inhabitants of Norfolk and Leicestershire. The great powers of Europe, humbled to the dust by the vigor and genius which had guided the councils of George the Second, now rejoiced in the prospect of a signal revenge. The time was approaching when our island, while struggling to keep down the United States of America, and pressed with a still nearer danger by the too just discontents of Ireland, was to be assailed by France, Spain, and Holland, and to be threatened by the

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