Egyptians held sacred, he thus deterred them from throwing one dart, or shooting an arrow, lest they should kill any of these sacred animals. Psammenitus waited his opportunity; and, having raised a numerous army, advanced against Cambyses. But, before the engagement, the Greeks who served under him, in order that they might avenge the desertion and treachery of Phanes, brought his children into the camp; put them to death in the presence of their father, and then drank their blood. This awakened the indignation of the Persians, who fell upon the Egyptians with the utmost fury, and cut the greater part of them in pieces. Those who escaped fled to Memphis, where, having been guilty of the murder of one of the Persian ambassadors, Cambyses renewed his assault, and spared neither rank, nor age, nor sex. He put to death the chief of the Egyptian nobles, and reduced their wives and daughters to slavery. Psammenitus was not in a position to save his capital, and he himself fell into the hands of the conqueror. At first, Cambyses seemed to spare the life of the captive prince; but, Psammenitus having committed himself to some treacherous design, he was afterwards doomed to drink bull's blood, which acted as a fatal poison. The allies of the Egyptian monarch at once submitted to Cambyses. The Egyptians were reduced to the most degrading vassalage; their country became a province of the Persian empire; the body of Amasis, their late king, was dug up, and mangled and burnt; their god APIs was slain, and his priests treated with the deepest ignominy. The foundation was thus laid for the most deadly national animosity between the Persians and Egyptians. On the one side we find the most crushing oppression, and on the other side, the most hopeless rebellion. Led on by their priesthood, the Egyptians frequently rebelled against the Persians; and the Persians, who regarded every ecclesiastical hierarchy as their natural enemy, punished these insurrections with the most heartless severity, The Egyptians were never able to regain and establish their independence; and thus the deeptoned prediction of Ezekiel was literally fulfilled :-"thus saith the Lord God:-I will also destroy the idols, and I will cause their images to cease out of Noph ;t and there shall be no more a prince of the land of Egypt; and I will put a fear in the land of Egypt. And I will make Pathrost desolate, and will set fire in Zoan, and will execute judgments in No. And I will pour my fury upon Sin, the strength of Egypt; and I will cut off the multitute of No. And I will set fire in Egypt; Sin shall have great pain, and No shall be rent asunder, and Noph shall have distresses daily. The young men of Aven** and of Phibeseth++ shall fall by the sword; and these cities shall go into captivity. At Tehaphnehest also the day shall be darkened when I shall break there the yokes of Egypt; and the pomp of her strength shall cease in her. As for her, a cloud shall cover her, and her daughters shall go into into captivity. Thus will I execute judgments in Egypt, and they shall know that I am the Lord," How remarkably has this prophecy been accomplished! For more than two thousand years, Egypt has produced nothing great or remarkable in learning, wisdom, or exploit. From the conquest of Cambyses, it has continued to be the basest of kingdoms. Without a prince of its own, it has ever been subject either to foreigners or to slaves. It was first subject to the Babylonians, then to the Persians:-afterwards to the Macedonians, and then to the Romans:-from them it passed to the Saracens, from the Saracens to the Mamelucs or slave usurpers, and from the Mamelucs to the Ottoman empire, of which it now forms a province governed by a Turkish Bashaw and twenty chiefs, advanced from among the slaves to the adminstration of public affairs. It was a superstitious notion or belief among the Egyptians, that it is decreed by the Fates, that slaves must always rule, and the natives be in subjection. What profound homage to that omniscient Spirit who sees the end from the beginning! QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION What grand truth should the student of history ever keep in mind? To what did the policy of Psammetichus lead ? 115 When did Apries ascend the throne, and for what was he remarkable? What ally did he betray, and how was he punished? VOCABULARY. Luctus, m. grief; lusus, m. play; sensus, m. feeling or a sense Which of the prophets describe the fate of Apries, and by what bestia, f. a beast; vis, f. strength, power; voluptas, átis, f. pleasure name do they describe him? Who succeeded Necho, and in what year ? What were the chief features and events of his reign? By what prince was the throne and kingdom of Amasis endangered? In whose reign did Cambyses lay siege to Pelusium, and by what stratagem did he take it? Did the Egyptians ever regain their independence? Has any remarkable prophecy been fulfilled in their history from that time? What does the accomplishment of such predictions prove? LESSONS IN LATIN.-No. VII. By JOHN R. BEARD, D.D. SUBSTANTIVES of the fourth declension have in the nominative two case-endings, one in us, the other in u. The nouns which end in us are for the most part masculine; those which end in u are neuter, and are indeclinable. The u belongs to the stem. With this are blended the case-endings of the genitive and ablative singular, and the nominative and accusative plural; husu and is becomes in the genitive singular; u and become in the ablative singular; u and es become as in the nominative and accusative plural. The fourth conjugation then, is only a contracted form of the third; contracted, I say, that is shortened, as when u and s are melted together to form us the case-ending of the genitive singular. genus, ĕris, n. a race: amárus, a, um, bitter; gratus, a, um, pleasant, thankful; praeditus, a, um, endowed with; quantus, a, um, how great; puerilis, e, boyish, childlike; sapiens, sapientis, as an adjective, wise, as a noun, a sage; evito 1, I avoid; paro 1, I make ready, I procure; indulgeo 2, I indulge in (with the dative); frango 3, I break, I overcome; succumbo 3, I lie under, I yield to (with the dative); libenter, adv. willingly; suaviter, sweetly; vehementer, greatly; quam, how sagitta, f. an arrow. The feeling of pain is bitter; is not the feeling of pain bitter to thee? the feeling of pain is bitter to all men and to all animals; the power of grief is great; the sage is not overcome by the power of the senses; a brave (fortis) man yields not to grief; do brave men yield to the power of the senses? O grief, now dost thou overcome the minds of men! boys willingly yield to play; (there) are many kinds of play; plays (games) of all kinds are pleasant to by boyish plays; boys and men yield to pleasure; how greatly is boys and girls; boyish plays delight not men; men are not delighted grief avoided by children; boys delight in bows and arrows; girls delight in needles. There are no adjectives which follow the fourth declension, as there are none which follow the fifth declension. Adjectives follow exclusively the first, the second, and the third declensions. Yet nouns of the fourth and of the fifth declensions are sometimes united with adjectives. In declining nouns and adjectives so united, you must take care to preserve the proper forms of both, and not allow the one to influence the other. To aid you in making the necessary distinctions, I supply instances for practice. NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES OF VARIOUS DECLENSIONS. EXAMPLES.-Maturus fructus, m. ripe fruit; frequens coetus, m. a full assembly; matura ficus, f. a ripe fig; debile genu, n. a weak knee. Cases. Singular. frequens coetus frequentis coetûs frequenti coetui frequentem coetum Nom. maturus fructus As u belongs to the stem, ubus is the regular form in the dative and ablative plural; but the u has been set aside by the connecting vowel i, as in fruct-i-bus. frequens coetus frequente coetus Cases. Singular. Plural. N. fructus, fruit EXAMPLES.-Fructus, m. fruit; cornu, n. a horn. Plural. Singular. fructus, fruits cornu, a horn G. fructâs, of fruit fructăŭm, of fruits cornù, of a horn D. fructii, to fruit fructibus, to fruits cornu, to a horn A. fructum, fruit fructüs, fruits cornft, a horn V. fructus, O fruit fructus, O fruits cornu, O horn A. fructü, by fruit fructibus, by fruits cornũ, by a horn cornibus, by horns Domus, f. a house partakes of the second as well as the fourth declension: thus, from the second, it has the ablative singular in o, as domo, and one form of the genitive plural in orum, as domorum; from the fourth declension, it has most of its other cases. It is declined thus: Singular.-N. Domus. G. domûs. D. domui. Ac. domum. V. domus. Abl. domo. Plural.-N. domus. G. domuum or domorum. D. domibus. Ac. domos (rarely domus). V. domus. Abl. domibus. Domus has also domi, genitive singular; but domiis not used except in the sense of at home; with domi, you may connect other words, as, domi tuae, at thy house; domi alienae, at another's house. Gen. maturorum fructuum frequentum coetuum frequentibus coetibus frequentes coetus frequentes coetus frequentibus coetibus Nom. maturae ficus debilia genua Gen. maturarum ficuum Dat. maturis ficis Acc. maturas ficus Voc. maturae ficus Abl. maturis ficis VOCABULARY. Frémutus, ûs, m. a roaring; genu, u, or us, n. a knee; tonitru, n. or us, m. thunder; vigor, óris, m. vigour; fulmen, inis, n. lightning; robur, Ŏris, n. strength; multus, a, um, much or many; validus, a, um, strong; horribilis, e, frightful, horrible; terribilis, e, terrible; supplex, supplicis, as an adjective, entreating, as a noun, a suppliant; indico 1, I point out; resono 1, I resound, I echo; vacillo 1, I move to and fro, I vacillate; permoveo 2, I move greatly; antecédo 3, I go before; extimesco 5, fear; flecto 3, I bend; procumbo 3, I fall down. EXERCISES-LATIN-ENGLISH. Tonitru terribile animos hominum permovet; nonne tonitrus sonus est terribilis? tonitrûs fremitus horribilis est; horribile est tonitru; fulmen antecedit tonitru; multi homines extimescunt tonitru; tonitru extiméscitur a multis hominibus; O tonitru, quam horribilis est fremitus tuus! domus résonat tonitru; genua virorum sunt valida; vigor genuum indicat robur corporis; magna vis est genibus; súpplices procumbunt in (on) genua; O genua, quam valde vacillatis! in genibus est magna vis. ENGLISH-LATIN. The man's knee is strong; strong knees have vigour; are thy knees strong? the woods resound with the horrible sound of thunder; the sound of thunder greatly moves the animals; thunder is feared by strong beasts; I have weak knees; has your father weak knees? no, my father has strong knees; I am greatly moved by much lightning; the roaring of thunder greatly moves the suppliants; the suppliant points out the beautiful house. Summus, highest; medius, middle; imus, lowest; reliquus, remaining; ultimus, extremus, last, &c. These adjectives agree in number, case, and gender with their nouns, though in English they appear to have the force of nouns, and consequently to require the construction of nouns. Thus the Latins say, summus mons, that is, the highest mountain; meaning, the top of the mountain, the highest part of the mountain, the mountain, that is, where it is highest. I subjoin some instances with forms for practice. military; civic; marine; aviary; acrid; sweet; audacious; mortal; virtue; hostile. Commit to memory these lines which compose the feminine nouns of the fourth declension. Feminine: these nouns in us: tribus, acus, porticus. LESSONS IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR.--No. VII. CASES OF NOUNS-Continued. IN FORMER LESSONS we stated that nouns have two NUMBERS, the singular and the plural;-three GENDERS, the masculine, the feminine, and the neuter; and three CASES; the Nominative, denoting the name of a person or thing, or the subject of a proposition; the Possessive, denoting relation, ownership or possession; and the Objective, which indicates the object of some act. We proceed to speak more particularly of this latter. THE OBJECTIVE CASE of NOUNS describes a person or thing that is the object of any pursuit, or of any action that another person or thing performs. Suppose you were to read of some gentleman who, on returning to his home, found his little girl asleep on the ground, exposed to a strong wind,-" He lifted her up, and placed her on a chair, and then he wrapped a cloak round her." In this case the gentleman might have either of the pronouns he and him applied to him, and the little girl either of the pronouns she and her. But it would have been both incorrect and vulgar to have said, "him lifted her," or "him lifted she," or him wrapped a cloak round she." In correct composition, when the words he, him, she, and her are used, we shall find, on examination, that when something is done to a person, the pronouns him or her are used; but when a person does something, the pronouns he and she are generally employed. The gentleman "lifted his daughter that was doing something to her; and as the gentleman did it, it was proper to say, "he lifted her :" her is the objective case of Instances: ima quercus, the bottom of the oak; reliquum opus, the pronoun she. Again, the word "lifted" describes an action the remainder of the work; primum limen, the edge of the thres-which produces an effect on something which is the object of the hold; extremum bellum, the end of the war; ine ins ver, the beginning of spring; media aestas, the middle of summer; summa aqua, the surface of the water; intima philosophia, the recesses of philosophy; reliqua Aegyptus, the rest of Egypt. Decline each of these instances according to the proper models; thus: So in English, instead of "the middle of summer," we say after the Latin manner, mid-summer, that is middle summer; also mid-day; mid-night; mid-way, &c. The student is required to find out English words derived from the Latin words just used; and the Latin words derived from the English words which follow: Acute; archery; parturition; peculiar; fructify; domestic; alienate; sensual; voluptuary; generic; grateful; puerile; sweet; variously; nature; antecedent; vacillation. With these English words, other English words are connected so that when you know the import of these, you easily learn the import of the connected or related terms. Thus from the adjective acute comes the adverb acutely and the noun acuteness; with the verb alienate is connected the noun alien; voluptuary has corresponding forms in voluptuous and voluptousness; grateful also has gratitude and gratefully. action: the gentleman is the doer of the act of lifting-the girl is the object on which the action takes effect. A verb such as " lifted" is called a transitive verb, and must have an object after it, which is put in the objective case. A preposition also causes a noun or pronoun immediately following it to be in the objective case; as, "he wrapped a cloak round her :" the noun or pronoun in such cases is the object of some relation expressed by the preposition; the preposition "round" shows the relation of the cloak, or the wrapping of it, to the child. The nouns cloake and "chair" are also considered to be in the objective case ;--the cloak has the action of wrapping done to it; and the chair is shown by the preposition " on to be in a certain relation to the child. In nouns, the nominative and objective cases are alike; as may be seen in the following sentence,-The bear bit the man.' " Here bear is in the nominative, and man is in the objective case; but the sentence may be so turned as to reverse the cases, while it still has the same meaning: thus,-The man was bitten by the bear; in this sentence man is the subject, or nominative; bear is in the objective case, being put in that case by the preposition by; yet there is no change in the words man or bear by which the objective case may be distinguished. Perhaps, strictly speaking, there is no objective case in the English noun, though there is in the pronoun; and some writers on English Grammar omit the objective case altogether; but in considering the form of sentences, and the nature of the various relations which exist among their parts, it is useful to make the distinction in meaning, though it may not be made in form, especially as the distinction in form is still retained in the pronouns. The objective case generally follows what are called transitive verbs and participles, and prepositions; as, honesty pays debts; fraud increases them; or, praise Him from whom all blessings flow; there are, however, exceptions: in the following sentence the noun precedes the verb which puts it in the objective case ;"Whom, therefore, ye ignorantly worship, him declare I unto you." Find the Latin terms which occur in the instructions in the third declension, from which are derived these English words; Remember, then, that a noun is in the objective case when it namely: to err; maternal; guttural; terrify (the fy represents has some action performed upon ́t by a transitive, or active, verb the Latin facio, I do or cause); nominal; corpulent; floral; cardinal; luminous; decorous; to judge; to reign: Legal; gregarious; | These will be explained in future lessons, preceding it, or when placed in relation to something else by a preposition put before it; in most instances, when it follows immediately after an active verb or a preposition. In the example given above," The man was bitten by the bear; the man has an action performed upon him, and yet man is not in the objective case. You will observe that the word man is placed before the verb describing the action, and that it is evidently the subject or nominative of the sentence. If we were to substitute a pronoun for the noun man, it would be the pronoun he. The verb in this case is said to be passive and not active. The objective case of the pronouns are, me, him, her, us, them, and whom. In the pronouns you and it, the nominative and objective cases are alike. It is not uncommon for a person when asked, who is there? to answer, it is me; this is an error; the answer should be, it is I; or, it is Henry, or whatever your name may be. If it were right to say, it is me, it would also be right to say, me is here; yet no one would say so, except an infant just lisping. It is wrong, also, though common, to say, us two will go for it ;-it should be, we two will go for it. It sounds still worse for a married man to say, I and her will attend to it; it should be, I and she, &c.; but, I and my wife would be still better. It is equally erroneous to say to we, instead of to us. Before dismissing the subject of cases of nouns, the following mode of ascertaining them may The NOMINATIVE answers the The POSSESSIVE The OBJECTIVE stated. questions Who? or what? Whose? or of what? Whom? or what? Or, if he finds it for a day, It soon takes wings and flies away. In the mist the ravens hover, Many a crest on air is streaming; QUESTIONS ON THE FOREGOING LESSON. What is meant by the objective case of nouns ? Do the nominative and objective eases resemble each other? In what connexion do active verbs and participles, and prepositions stand to the objective case? Give an example. What are the objective cases of pronouns ? Is it correct to say, "Us two will go for it?" If not correct what should be said? How may the cases of nouns be ascertained? In what case are nouns answering to who? or what? Decline the noun "Parent." Point out the nouns in the verses at the end of this Lesson. In the following passage, from Sir Walter Scott, nouns will be Il n'a pas tant de courage que de found in almost every line : "The sun is rising dimly red, The wind is wailing, low and dread; From his cliff the eagle sallies; Leaves the wolf his darksome vallies; patience. Il a moins d'argent que de viande before a substantive, a demonstrative, or possessive pronoun. He has not so much courage as patience. He has less money than meat. 5. Tout autant-que, is used for quite as many—as; as much, just as much, or as many. Espagnol,-e, Spaniard. Jardin, m. garden. Manuscrit, m. manu- Maréchal, m, blacksmith. Très, very. 1. Etes vous aussi content que votre frère? 2. Je suis aussi content que votre frère. 3. Votre père a-t-il autant de courage que de modestie ? 4. Il a moins de modestie que de courage. 5. Le libraire a-t-il autant de manuscrits que d'estampes? 6. Il a plus de celles-ci que de ceux-là. 7. A-t-il autant d'amis que d'ennemis? 8. II a plus de ceux-ci que de ceux-là. 9. A-t-il autant de pain que de fromage? 10. Il a tout autant de celui-ci que de celui-là. 11. Le maréchal a-t-il plus de chevaux que votre frère. 12. Il en a plus que mon père et plus que mon frère. 13. N'avez vous pas froid? 14. Non, Monsieur, je n'ai pas froid, j'ai très chaud. 15. Avez vous deux manteaux de drap. 16. J'en ai un de drap et un de velours bleu. 17. N'avez vous pas plus de verres que d'assiettes? 18. Nous en avons davantage. 19. Le maréchal a-t-il plus de fer que d'acier? 20. Il n'a pas autant de celui-ci que de celui-là. 21. Il a moins de celui-ci que de celui-la? 22. Les Hollandais ont ils de beaux jardins? 23. Leurs jardins sont très beaux. 24. Les jardins des Italiens sont plus beaux que ceux des Espagnols. EXERCISE 30. RESUME OF You are happier than I. EXAMPLES. Votre marchand est bien obligeant. Your merchant is very obliging. Il n'en a plus guère. Avez vous plus de courage que lui? core ? He has no more-he has none left. He has but few left. EXERCISE 31. Correct, -e, correct. ary. Sœur, f. sister. Ville, f. town, city. 1. Votre dictionnaire est il très correct? 2. Il est plus cor3. Votre dictionnaire est le plus rect que celui de Boyer. correct de tous. 4. Quel est le meilleur de ces jardins? 5. Celui-ci est le meilleur de tous les jardins de la ville. 6. Avez vous encore de l'argent? 7. Je n'ai plus d'argent, mais j'ai encore du crédit? 8. Avons nous encore de la salade? 9. Nous n'en avons plus. 10. Nous n'avons plus de viande. 11. Qui en a encore? 12. Mes frères et mes sœurs en ont 13. En avez vous encore beaucoup? 14. Je n'en ai 18. encore. plus guère 15. Votre tante a-t-elle plus de robes que votre nièce? 16. Elle n'en a pas beaucoup. 17. Votre neveu est il plus savant que votre nièce? 18. Il n'est pas aussi savant qu'elle. 19. Elle est plus savante que lui. encore froid? 21. Je n'ai plus froid, j'ai bien chaud. N'avez vous plus de nouvelles? 23. Je n'en ai plus. 24. En 25. Je n'en ai guère. avez vous beaucoup ? EXERCISE 32. 1. Are you more attentive than your sister? 2. I am not so attentive as your brother. 3. Have you more courage than my brother? 4. I have quite as much. 5. Has the blacksmith as much money as iron? 6. He has more of the latter than of the former [Sect. 8, R. 5]. 7. Has he more modesty than the Spaniard? 8. He has more. 9. He has more than your friend's sister. 10. Are you not cold, Sir? 11. No, Sir, but I am afraid and sleepy. 12. Has the Dutchman more cheese than the Italian? 13. He has more cheese and more money. 14. Have you as much English silk as Italian silk? 15. I have more of this than of that. 16. Who has more friends than the Spaniard ? 17. Your friend has more. Has the Spaniard as much of your money as of his? 19. He has less of mine than of his. 20. Have we more silk cloaks than cloth cloaks? 21. We have more of these than of those. 22. Have you good cloaks? 23. Yes, Sir, I have good cloaks, good hats, and good leather shoes. 24. Have you more plates than dishes? 25. I have not more plates than dishes; but I have more glasses than plates. 26. Are you not very cold? 27. No, Sir, I am neither cold nor warm. 28. Has your carpenter wood? 29. Yes, Sir, he has wood, money, cheese, and meat. 30. Who has more money than the carpenter? 31. The Dur. has more. 32. Who has more engravings than books 33. The bookseller has more of these than of hese. 34. Are you as attentive as your friend? 35. I am more attentive than my friend. 20. Avez vous 22. Has your brother a very good dictionary? 2. His dictionary is not very correct. 3. Has your father more courage than he? 4. He has much more courage than your nephew. 5. Have your brothers credit? 6. They have but little credit, but they have money. 7. Is your aunt obliging? 8. My aunt is very obliging? 9. Have you still books, pens, and paper? 10. 1 have no more books, but I have still good pens and excellent Davantage means more. It can never be placed before a noun; it may English paper. 11. Who has still paper? 12. I have no more, De used instead of plus, at the end of a sentence. |