347. Clothing, lodgings, &c., || Etching, process of, 215, 216.

of the people, 347-349.
Embossing, process of, 226.
Emery, in polishing glass, 205.
Employment, productive, depen-
dence of national welfare, on,
262. In arts and manufactures,
263. Varieties of, 269.
Engine, beating, in paper-making,
155. Fire, how worked, 71.
Steam, see Steam-engine. Stuff,

154.

England, husbandry in, 108. On
progress of luxury in, 254, 255.
Civilization in, a consequence
of cultivation of the useful arts,
280-282. Prosperity of, 281.
Moral condition of operatives in,
289; of peasantry, 289. Ac-
count of present state of agricul-
ture in, 329-341. Climate and
soil compared with those of
United States, 329, 330; price ||
of land and labor, 330, 331.
Agricultural wealth of, 341.
Description of, in the reign of

Evaporation, of sea-water, salts
resulting from, 42.

Everett, Edward, work of, re-
ferred to, 310.

Exchanges, domestic promote na-
tional prosperity, 273, 274.
Exchanges, commercial, 284-286.
Domestic, 286.

Expense of manufacturing cotton
in America and Great Britain
compared, 401.
Exploding, or blasting, 298.
Exports of United States, 272,

273.

Eye, human, formation of, 207.

F.

Factories, heating by steam, 78.
Fallowing, lands, 111, 333.
Famines, caused by ignorance and

imperfection of husbandry, 120.
Farmer, the, importance of scien-
tific knowledge to, 24-26. A
chemist, 116. Improved con-
dition of, 120.

115. Remarks on, 343.
Feldspar, material of Chinese
porcelain, 212.

Elizabeth, 344-349; food, 344-Farmer's Companion,' quoted,
346; clothing, 347; lodgings,
347-349. Mode of living, in
the reign of Henry VII., 359;
Edward III., 360-365, 370.
Dress in, in the fourteenth cen-
tury, 371.
Cotton manufac-
ture in, compared with United
States, 401.
Engravers' plates, method of
forming, 215.

Fellenberg, institution of, at Hof-
wyl, 400.
Fermentation, processes depen-
dent on, 171. Arts connected
with, 171. Different kinds of,
172. Vinous, instances of, 172,
173. Acetous, 174.

Engraving, varieties of, 215. || Fibres, on twisting, weaving, &c.,

Wood, 215. Line, 215. Me-

138-140. Of flax, cotton, wool,

chanical, 215. Mezzotinto, 215. fur, rags, 139.
Chemical, 215. Etching, 215,|| Fine arts, 11.
216. Galvanic, 216. On steel, ||
Perkins's invention for multi-
plying copies of, 227. By gal-
vanic electricity, 382-388. Pro-
cess of, described, 385-388.
Epsom salt, 42.

Equilibrium, unstable, 53.
Erasmus, on mode of living in
England, 364.
Ericson's propeller, 246.

Fire-engine, how worked, 71.
Fletcher, statement of, respecting
mendicaney in Scotland, 352.
Flint, constituent of glass, 200,
201.

Fluids, action of gravity through,
60. Flowing through orifices,
pipes, canals, &c., 62. Slight
cohesion of, 63. On the pressure
of, 64, 65; its equality, 63, 64.

Level of, 65; a consequence of || Frit, 202.

radiation, 116.

Fruit, preservation of, 186; Ap-
pert's process for, 186.
Fulling cloth, 140. Known to the
Greeks and Romans, 141.
Fulling-mill, 140.

equal pressure and gravity, 65. || Frost, caused by evaporation, and
Specific gravity of, 67.
Fly-wheel, application of inertia,
50. Power of, 97. Use of, 98.
Food, on preparing, 170, 171,
179, 185. Application of heat
to, 179-181. On preserving,
185-187. Improvement of, in
quantity and quality, 188. In
England, in the reign of Eliza- ||
beth, 344-346.

Foot, formed on the principle of
the arch, 129.
Force, advantage of changing the ||
direction of, 93; in steam-
boats, 94.

Force, animal, 54-56, 104, 231.
Should be employed, when pos-
sible, in preference to human,
56, 231.

Force, centrifugal, 50, 51.
Force, human, compared with an-
imal, 56, 231. Most expensive
of all forces, 56; least conve-
nient, 56. Exercised without
intelligence, degrades man, 56.
In the East, 232.
Forces, or prime movers, 47, 48,
68. Two, acting on a body in |
motion, 51. Employed to pro-
duce motion, 54. Regulated
by machinery, 97. Of variable
intensity, 97.

Forces, animate, 54, 104. Laws
regulating, 54, 55, 104.

Fulton, his want of scientific
knowledge, 321.

Fur, bowing of, 139.
Furnaces, defects in construction
of, 86. Hints for improvements
in, 86, 87. Hot-blast, 87.
Fusibility, 300.

G.
Galileo, 33. His application of
science to art, 34. Discoveries
of, 59, 131. Charged with
Atheism, 133. On limit to size

in works of art, 133.
Galley, printer's, 223.
Galvanism, 383, 384.
Gangues, of metals, 191.
Gas, carbonic acid, necessary to
plants, 109. How generated,
110, 111. A principle of decay,

124.

Gas, chlorine, used in bleaching
paper-rags, 154.

Gas, sulphurous acid, 160.
Gauze, how woven, 139.
Geometry, applied to architect-
-ure, 122-124.
Gin, rolling, 145.

Forces, inanimate, 56, 57, 71, 75, Gin, saw, 145.

104.

Form, in printing, 224.
Fourdrinier, Messrs., their paper
machine, 157.

Franklin, Benjamin, 309, 310.
Free cities of Europe, the useful
arts in, 279. Impulse given by,
to civilization and liberty, 308.
Free trade, 290, 291.
French decrees, effect on Ameri-

can commerce, 276.
Friction, 232, 233. Expedients
for lessening, 233; rolling mo-
tion, 233.

Glass, 200-206. Important uses
of, 200. Windows, a modern
invention, 201. Making, 201;
blowing, 202; casting, 203;
moulding, 204; annealing,
204; grinding and cutting,
205; coloring and staining,
205, 206.
Glauber's salt, 42.
Glazing pottery, process of, 211.
Chinese, 211. Of stone ware,
211. Lead, 212.
Gold, purity, test of, 67.
Gordon, Mr., on applications of

steam, 83-85. On steam-boat
conveyance, 243.

manufacturing cotton compared
with the United States, 401.

Governor, a regulating machine, Greeks, ignorance of mechanic

Grape, yields best wine, 173, 174.
Grape-vines, furnished with elec-
tric conductors, 115.
Gravitation, universality of law of,
13. A principle of architecture,
127. Machinery founded on
law of, 300.
Gravity, substances acted on by,
57; its effect on solid bodies,
57, 105; on projectiles, 57.
Accelerating force of, 58. Acts
through fluids, 60; examples,
60-71, 105; water-wheels, 60,
61, 105; pipes, canals, &c.,
62, 105. Action modified by
pressure of fluids, 63. One

powers, 72; of the useful arts,
256. Agricultural implements
used by, 119. Spinning and
weaving among, 141.
Greene, Nathaniel, the black-
smith, 309.

Griffiths, Mr., on roads in Ireland,
243.

Grindstones, singular action of
centrifugal force on, 50.
Guinard, M., improvement of, in
objectglasses, 207.

Guizot, on combination of theory
with practice, 250.

cause of the level of fluids, 65. || Hammer, tilt, velocity of, 97.
Of aeriform bodies, 68. Ac-
tion of, on water, 105; on air,
105.

Hand, excellence and powers of,
88, 89.

Gravity, centre of, 52. Necessi-
ty of supporting, 53. Impor- ||
tance of determining position
of, 53.
Gravity, specific, mode of as-
certaining, 66. Of solids 66;
fluids, 67. Water the standard
of, 66. Advantage over air, 66.
Mode of ascertaining invented
by Archimedes, 67. A test of
the purity of substances, 67.
Great Britain, slow advance of
agricultural improvements in,
325. Increased production and
accumulation of, 367-370. Sta-
tistics of population in, 367,
368; of articles of consumption,
&c., 368, 369; of commerce,
&c., 369. Road-communica-
tion of, 391. Comparative rate
of travelling in, at different pe-
riods, 391, 392. Expense of

Hargreaves, Richard, introduced
the spinning-jenny, 142.
Harrison, on bread in Elizabeth's
reign, 344. On poverty in reign
of Edward III., 362, 364.
Harte, Mr., ́Essays' of, referred
to, 325.

Heat, as a mechanical agent, 75,

105; expands bodies, 75, 105;
remarkable instance of its use,
75. Substances contracted by,

77. Effects of expansive pow-
er of, 78; sometimes injurious,
78. Effect of, on pendulums,

78;

causes irregularity in
clocks, 78. Changes form of
bodies, 78-81, 105. Changes
water to vapor, 78. An almost
universal fuser, 85. Importance
of, 85. Production and appli-
cation of, one of the most im-
portant arts, 85; still very im-
perfect, 86; defects in, 86, 87.

I.

On practical economy of, 86. || Hydrostatic pressure, 63, 64.
Hints on generating and using,
86, 87, 105. Service of, to
plants, 115, 116. A cause of
decay, 125, 187.
Henry IV., mode of living in the

reign of, 373-375.

Henry VII., mode of living in the

reign of, 359.

Herschel, his Discourse on study

of natural philosophy, 27, 28.
Hiero, King of Syracuse, 67.
Highlands of Scotland, miserable
condition of people of, in eigh-
teenth century, 354-357. Ben-
efit of opening good roads in,
241. See Scotland.
History, its neglect of state and
progress of the arts, 247.

Ice preserves food, 187.
Ignorance, dangers of, 22, &c.,
30, 45. Cause of failure or
delay in attempted inventions
or improvements, 31, 32, 33,
321, 322. Of scientific princi-
ples, 73, 74.
Impenetrability, 299.
Implements of agriculture, 118,
119. Improvements in, 118-
121. Used by the Greeks,
Plough, 119; harrow,
119; drill, 119; cradle, 119.
Inventions in, 120. Production
increased fivefold by means of,

119.

120.

Inclined plane, 91. Includes the
screw, and wedge, 91.
India muslin, 141.

Inertia, 48-50. Gradually over-
come in the case of rail-road
cars, 49. Machinery, founded
on principle of, 299, 300.
Instruction, technological, 397.
Professorships of, in Germany
and France, 399.
Instruments, levelling, 66. Use
of, 66.

Intellect, supremacy of, 249.
Inventors, in the arts, qualifica-
tions for becoming, 31, 32.
Names of most distinguished,
33. Generally men of science,
33, 34. Borrow hints from the
works of Nature, 102.
Ireland, benefit to parts of, from
improved roads, 242, 243.
Iron, value of, 189, 190. Art of
working introduced into Britain
by Julius Cæsar, 190. Process
of working; cast; wrought;
puddling and rolling; pigs;
case-hardening; cementation of;
tempering, 195. Conversion of,
into a knife-blade, 195-199.
Demand for, in the Eastern isl-
ands, 198. Manufacture of,
295.

S. A.