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weights, come to be considered. These effects are produced by cranes, capstans, windlasses, gins for raising coals and other minerals; pulleys, wheels and axles; inclined planes for joining different canal levels; pumps, for lifting water; dredging machines; carriages of every kind. The equilibrium of architecture, and of shipbuilding, may be treated here.

IX., X., XI. ELASTICITY, SOFTNESS, AND TENACITY.-These three properties are combined in the constitution of tortile fibres, used for making webs of various kinds, and give rise to the arts of spinning, knitting, and weaving, mineral, vegetable, and animal, filaments; the principal of which are the manufactures of cotton, wool, flax, and silk. Rope-making and wire-working belong also to this head. Under tortility must likewise be considered the processes of fulling, felting, and the manufacture of hats.

XII. FUSIBILITY.-To this property belong foundries of the different metals, and the mechanical part of glassmaking, as well as casting figures in plaster, wax, &c.

XIII. CRYSTALLIZABILITY.—This property includes the various physical principles of the manufactures of saline substances, such as salt-works, nitre-works, alumworks, &c.

The sixth of the above divisions comprehends the mechanical arts most interesting to man. Here he has exercised his best talents, in producing raiment of every variety for his comfort and decoration; and here, accordingly, he has organized systems of industry, no less remarkable for their magnitude than for their perfection. In certain parts of the clothing manufactures, moreover, automatic machinery has been so extensively substituted for the labors of intelligence, that the superintendence of young persons has come to supersede the costly toil of adults, to such an extent, that the vast multitudes of children thus employed have, of late years, attracted the earnest consideration of the public, and have, in consequence, led the legislature to frame a code of factory laws for their protection.

Chemical Manufactures.

Those arts which involve the operation of chemical affinities, and consequently, a change in the constitution of their subject matter, may be distributed into three groups, according to the kingdom of Nature to which they belong:-the mineral, the vegetable, and the animal.

Class I. The chemical manufactures employed on mineral, or, more accurately speaking, inorganic, matter, may be arranged conveniently under four heads: i. Those which operate on metallic bodies; ii. On earthy and stony substances; iii. On combustibles; iv. On saline substances.

Class II. The chemical manufactures which modify vegetable substances may be distributed according to the chemical analogies of these substances, as starch, sugar, oils, essences, &c.

Class III. The chemical manufactures which modify animal substances may likewise be distributed according to the chemical analogies of their respective objects: as gelatine, or glue, albumen, skin, horn, &c.

Class I. Order i. Arts and manufactures of metallic substances: 1. Extraction, purification, alloying of the precious metals, gold, silver, &c., and their different chemical preparations. 2. The arts of smelting copper, and making its alloys, its saline and other preparations. 3. The arts of smelting iron, and making its alloys, its saline and other prepartions. 4. The arts of smelting lead, &c. 5. The arts of smelting tin, &c. 6. The arts of smelting mercury, &c. 7. The arts of smelting zinc, &c. 8. The arts of smelting bismuth, &c. 9. The arts of smelting antimony, &c. 10. The arts of smelting cobalt, &c. 11. The arts of smelting nickel, &c. 12. The arts of smelting manganese, &c. 13. The arts of smelting arsenic, &c. 14. The arts of smelting chromium, &c. 15. The arts of extracting the other metals, cadmium, bismuth, rhodium, &c. Class I. Order ii. Arts and manufactures of earthy

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and stony substances: 1. Those which operate on calcareous substances; such as limestones, gypsum, fluorspar, &c. Mortars. 2. Those which operate on argillaceous earth, or clay; as the manufactures of pottery, porcelain, &c. 3. Those which operate on silicious matter. Manufacture of glass.

Class I. Order iii. Arts and manufactures of combustible substances: 1. Sulphur. Manufacture of sulphuric acid. 2. Coal. Manufacture of coal gas, and

its various products. 3. Amber, petroleum, bitumen, asphaltum.

Class I. Order iv.

al saline substances:

Arts and manufactures of miner1. Rock or sea salt; salt-works of various kinds; manufacture of muriatic acid, and of chlorine. Art of bleaching. 2. Alum, its manufacture. 3. Natron, or soda, its manufacture. 4. Potash, its manufacture. 5. Sal-ammoniac, its manufacture. 6. Nitre, its manufacture; that of gunpowder, nitric acid, &c. 7. Borax, its manufacture. 8. Sulphate of magnesia, its manufacture.

Class II. The chemical manufactures of vegetable substances. 1. The art of extracting and refining sugar. 2. The art of extracting and purifying starch. 3. The art of making artificial gum. 4. Extraction and purification of fixed oils, drying and unctuous oils, such as linseed oil, castor oil, nut oil, &c., oil of olives, of almonds, of the palm, of the cocoa-nut, &c. Manufacture of oil soaps. 5. Extraction and purification of volatile oils, such as oil of turpentine, citron, anise, cinnamon, lavender, &c. Art of the perfumer. 6. Art of purifying and bleaching wax. 7. Extraction and purification of resinous bodies, such as common rosin, lac, mastic, &c. Manufacture of varnishes and sealing-wax. 8. Extraction of caoutchouc; caoutchoucine. Manufacture of water-proof cloth. 9. Preparation of extracts for the apothecary; extract of nut-galls. Manufacture of ink. 10. Extraction of the coloring matter of plants, as of madder, safflower, archil, logwood, weld, indigo, &c. Arts of dyeing and calico-printing. 11. Art of ferment

ing vegetable juices and extracts into wine, beer, &c. Breweries, distilleries, &c. 12. Art of fermenting vegetable juices and extracts into vinegar. 13. Art of fermenting dough into bread. Baking. 14. Decomposition of wood by fire in close vessels. Pyroxilic acid, spirit, and naphtha. 15. Preparation of composts by the putrid decomposition of vegetable substances. Agriculture as a chemical art.

Class III. The chemical manufactures of animal substances are, 1. The art of extracting and purifying gelatine, or the manufacture of glue, size, isinglass, &c. 2. The art of extracting butter from milk. Manufacture of cheeses. 3. The art of converting skin into leather, or tanning. 4. The art of the tallow-chandler. Purification of spermaceti. 5. The manufacture of tallow and other soaps. 6. Preparation of animal pigments, carmine from cochineal. 7. The art of curing animal food. 8. Decomposition of animal substances by fire. Manufacture of sal-ammoniac, and of Prussian blue.

The preceding table presents merely the more general objects and subdivisions.

III. PAGE 12.

CONNEXION OF THE USEFUL AND FINE ARTS.

THIS Connexion is in some cases very intimate. For example, silks, porcelain, calicoes, &c., derive much of their value from the designs with which they are embellished; and hence the necessity of combining the cultivation of the Arts of Design with the fabrication of these articles. So in building and engineering, Drawing is an indispensable prerequisite. It has been found, too, that in many cases, such as architecture, the nearer we approach to abstract beauty of form, the more perfectly we attain that which is useful, convenient, or economical.

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The following extract from Ure's Philosophy of Manufactures' will show how fully this connexion is appreciated by the French, and by what means they have attained the superiority which distinguishes them in certain departments of industry.

The modes in which taste is cultivated at Lyons, in connexion with the silk manufacture, deserve particular study and imitation. Among the weavers of the place, the children, and every body connected with devising patterns, much attention is devoted to every thing in any way connected with the beautiful, either in figure or color. Weavers may be seen, in their holyday leisure, gathering flowers, and grouping them in the most engaging combinations. They are continually suggesting new designs to their employers; and are thus the fruitful source of elegant patterns.

There is hardly any considerable house in Lyons, in which there is not a partner who owes his place in it to his success as an artist. The town of Lyons is so conscious of the value of such studies, that it contributes twenty thousand francs per annum to the government establishment of the School of Arts, which takes charge of every youth who shows an aptitude for drawing, or imitative design of any kind, applicable to manufactures. Hence all the eminent painters, sculptors, even botanists and florists, of Lyons, become eventually associated with the staple trade, and devote to it their happiest conceptions. In the principal school, that of St. Peter's, there are about one hundred and eighty students, every one of whom receives from the town a gratuitous education in art for five years; comprehending delineations in anatomy, botany, architecture, and loompattern drawing. A botanical garden is attached to the school. The government allows three thousand one hundred francs a year to the school at Lyons. The school supplies the scholars with every thing but the materials, and allows them to reap the benefit of their works. Their professor of painting is a man of distinguished talent, well known to connoisseurs,

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