raised with which to make the experiment. Some 27 of the most prominent citizens of Baltimore, who subscribed the amount, are known as the "founders."

At the same time was secured for the school the Homewood estate, on Charles Street extended, situated near a street car line and about 2 miles from the center of the city. It contains a beautiful old residence of the best type of colonial architecture, which was built in 1803 by Charles Carroll, of Carrollton, for his son, Charles Carroll, jr., and the school had the use of some 12 acres of grounds in addition. The estate is located on one of the rolling hills back of the city, to the north, in a situation especially beautiful, the house standing some 245 feet above the level of Baltimore Harbor. In these healthful and beautiful surroundings the school was opened on September 30, 1897, Mr. Frederic Winsor, of Massachusetts, being the first head master.

Here the school remained for 13 years, a period of steady growth in spite of several small setbacks, due to change in active management and the usual difficulties inherent in any new undertaking. On October 4, 1910, it moved into its own property, situated in Roland Park, a charming suburb, located about 2 miles farther out from the city than Homewood. Here is a new and thoroughly equipped building, which has accommodations for 60 boarders and 150 day pupils. The grounds consist of 70 acres in woodland, lawns, and athletic fields, and the large field now in use is one of the finest in the State. All water used in the school is drawn from a sealed well, driven more than 250 feet through solid rock. The yield is more than 40 gallons a minute, and is pronounced by the State board or health to be absolutely pure. The total capital invested in this new plant is more than $300,000, of which $225,000 has been put into the building and the grading of grounds. Mr. Frank Woodworth Pine is the present head master.

The old Homewood estate is included in the tract presented to Johns Hopkins University some 10 years ago by the late William Wyman and others and will shortly become the site of that institution.

The Gilman School now has a faculty of 15 and a student body of 157. It provides a continuous and systematic course of instruction for boys from the time they are about 10 until they are prepared to enter college. The exercises begin at 9 o'clock, and at 5.30 the day scholars return home to their parents, their minds trained by the best educational methods, their lungs filled with fresh air, and their bodies tired from healthy play.

Before giving a more detailed description of the schools and the working of the various ideals involved it is well to note the spread of the idea over, the country.

GROWTH OF THE MOVEMENT.

It is a most interesting fact that, answering to the needs of the boys of New York City, another school of the same type as the Gilman School was founded in 1907, and that its founder, Mr. Frank S. Hackett, knew nothing of the Baltimore experiment.1

This new venture, the Riverdale Country School, was the practical answer to a demand by a number of New York families for a near-by country boarding and day school. It was established at Riverdale-on-Hudson, in a beautiful site opposite the Palisades, on a ridge overlooking Van Cortlandt Park. The school property consists of 14 acres, in addition to which the boys have the range of the park for all kinds of outdoor sports. It is reached in 40 minutes by the "subway" from Forty-second Street (only 18 minutes of the time being underground), and the boys go each way in the charge of a master. The success of this school is great. It is patronized by the same class of people as the Gilman School.

In the same year as that of the founding of the Riverdale School the Country Day School for Boys of Boston was founded at Newton, Mass., under the efficient leadership of Mr. Shirley K. Kerns, at one time master of English in the Gilman School and, upon the retirement of Mr. Frederic Winsor, the acting head master for the year 1900-1901 in the same institution. The success of this school was instantaneous, and it may be looked upon as the first direct offshoot of the Baltimore plan.

In 1908 Dr. W. Wellington Massee founded the Massee Country School, at Lawrence Park, Bronxville, N. Y., on the Harlem division of the New York Central Railroad, about 15 miles from New York City. Dr. Massee writes: "

2

I have had a school both in New York City and in the country, and I find that the conditions are so much better in the latter place that we are able to do almost one-fifth better work. The value of the pure country air for the growing child can not be estimated. From September 26, 1911, to February 15, 1912, we have not had one of our boys under the care of a physician for even one call. In the city the attendance was very irregular, due to sickness of various kinds.

It is well to remember, too, that these boys are drawn from the wealthy class, and their supposedly pampered and sheltered upbringing is considered to be anything but favorable to good and vigorous health.

The next year (1909) saw the well-established and successful Nichols School, of Buffalo, N. Y., founded in 1893, "pull up stakes” and move to an estate of 19 acres in the suburbs of the city, easily

1 See a valuable and interesting article by Mr. Hackett in the New York Evening Post (Sept. 2, 1911), entitled "New Country School Idea." I wish to acknowledge my indebtedness to the article for many ideas incorporated in this bulletin.

Under date of Feb. 15, 1912.

accessible by trolley, where it has erected buildings of the latest and most approved design. Under the new leadership of Mr. Joseph Dana Allen it has emerged as a full-fledged "country school." The announcement issued at the time of the change states that the school is "intended to meet all the demands of the hearty, growing boy who wishes to prepare for college under the best educational conditions and at the same time to occupy his afternoons with study and sport, doing all this among the most healthful and inspiring surroundings. The school that cares of a boy all day' expresses the aim of the Nichols School." That the above reasons were considered amply sufficient to explain the change of location is evidenced by the large and generous support the school has received from the people of Buffalo.

By the time another year had elapsed the influence of the idea. had traveled far, and at Kansas City, Mo., was founded (1910) the "Country Day School," with Mr. Ralph Hoffman as head master. The prospectus of the school cogently stated that "the boy's afternoon, which in a large city becomes a more and more serious problem, is devoted to vigorous play. Dawdling and loafing are eliminated. The teachers join in the sports, and by their participation not only establish genuine intimacy with their pupils, but are able also to inculcate and strengthen the standards which the boys themselves are quick to recognize as those of manly sport-fairness, courage, courtesy." The school opened with 18 boys, and by the end. of this, its second year, the number has more than doubled. It now occupies a temporary building, built and equipped especially for the school, in which it will remain a year or two more. It expects to have by that time a larger and more permanent plant which will make even more special provision for the outdoor side of its life, upon which it is possible to put a great deal of emphasis, owing to the favorable climate of Kansas City.

In 1911 three schools were started and a fourth one organized. The Chamberlayne School, Dr. Churchill Gibson Chamberlayne, head master, at Richmond, Va., is a second direct result of the influence of the Gilman School, at which Dr. Chamberlayne was for five years master of history. The Columbus Academy, Mr. Frank P. R. Van Syckel, head master, is the result of the efforts of a group of leading citizens of Columbus, Ohio, who asked Mr. Van Syckel to come to their city and organize it. The other two schools of this year are instances of older schools following the example of the Nichols School and adopting the new plan. They are the Minneapolis (Minn.) Country School (formerly the Blake School, founded 1907), Mr. Charles Bertram Newton, head master, and the Louisville (Ky.) Country Day School (formerly the Patterson-Davenport School, founded 1902), Mr. William Davenport, head master.