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Atlantic is of significance only as an indication that the Administration is not unaware of the fact that the Pacific Ocean is the scene of America's principal international problems of the immediate future.

ENGINEERS IN THE GOVERN-
MENT: WHERE AND WHY?

ENERALLY the public looks with sus

dent from organizations urging the appointment of members of these organizations to public office. There is always a feeling that such petitioners are more interested in the candidates than in the offices to be filled.

Such suspicion of motive in no way attached to the request of the Engineering Council of the Federated American Engineering Societies that President Harding appoint an engineer as Assistant Secretary of War and also as a member of the Inter-State Commerce Commission. The Engineering Council pointed out that both of these positions are concerned with problems which lie directly within the scope of knowledge of highly trained engineers.

This fact can be recognized, but, at the same time, it can be pointed out that it has been American practice to put at the head of technical departments of the Government executives whose function was to determine policy rather than to control technical detail. When men of broad vision and real executive ability have been selected for such work, this practice has been justified by its results.

The Engineering Council is to be heartily commended for its endeavor to inject something of the engineering point of view into our Federal Government even though it has not seemed wise to the President to follow out its specific recommendations.

The courage, the adaptability to circumstance, and the practicality of constructive engineers is an asset of which any Administration might well avail itself. These qualities are most needed, however, in positions which deal with problems not directly concerned with the technical knowledge of engi neers.

With the President of the American Engineering Council, Mr. Hoover, in his Cabinet, Mr. Harding will not have far to go to secure advice as to the best men in the engineering profession available for public service.

MAKING PROHIBITION, HARD
TO ENFORCE

TTORNEY-GENERAL PALMER issued a

A ruling concerting the to fead Act

which was not made public until the eek after the inauguration of President

Harding.

This ruling will permit the sale of all alcoholic liquors for medical and other non-beverage purposes. It will permit, unless the Volstead Act is amended or the ruling reversed, the prescription of whisky, wine, and beer, with little or no restriction except the conscience of the prescribing physician.

Attorney-General Palmer's ruling is certainly in violation of the spirit of the law which it attempts to interpret. We do not know whether it can be legal istically justified or not. We do know, however, that this decision is unwelcome to reputable physicians, and its promulgation within a few hours of the accession to office of a new Attorney-General was an act uncalled for by the needs of the situation.

The next Administration will have difficulties enough in the enforcement of the Volstead Act without the legacy of Mr. Palmer's decision. One of these difficulties will arise from the failure of the previous Congress to place the selection of enforcement agents under Civil Service regulations. A bill is now be fore Congress which makes such a provision.

Mr. Wayne B. Wheeler, General Counsel of the Anti-Saloon League, is seeking to have eliminated the section of this bill which requires that an inspector must have had at least one year's experience in the detection of crime, and he is also seeking to have a provision inserted permitting the Prohibition Commissioner to sit with the Civil Service Commission in the preparation of examination questions and in passing upon the qualifications of applicants in their

eral examinations.

It seems to us that the Civil Service Commission should be trusted to outline the qualifications which it is desirable for applicants to possess, and that it is also contrary to accepted practice to permit an executive officer to take part in the examination of applicants for employment. One of the chief purposes of the Civil Service is to relieve executives from the pressure, personal and political, of office-seekers.

COMMON SENSE IN STATE
GOVERNMENT

HE most uninteresting thing that a

Tve prin thing that a

to do is to decide whether he or she shall vote yes or no on the constitutional amendment questions which come up periodically. They are usually pretty technical, and the attitude of the average voter is indicated by the fact that only a small percentage of those casting ballots at an election pay any attention to the constitutional amendment ballots. New York State is now, however, considering four constitutional amendments

which must be first approved by the Legislature before they are submitted to the voters. They were prepared during the incumbency of ex-Governor Alfred E. Smith, a Democrat, but they have been indorsed by Governor Miller, the present Republican incumbent of the office. They are entirely non-partisan. They cannot be described better than they were by ex-Governor Smith at a recent hearing at Albany in the following picturesque language:

I am a good truckman now, and I am going to stick to the trucking business. I am here as a citizen in a non-partisan capacity to urge these bills. It was because they are nonpartisan that last year Nathan L. Miller accepted membership on the Citizens' Committee, which supported the amendments. I urge you to pass these measures and give all the people of all parties the chance to say whether they want 21 departments instead of 150 or more, a four-year term for the Governor, so he will be here long enough to learn his job, and an executive budget system which will reduce your direct tax.

We hope these amendments will be approved by the Legislature for submission to the voters and then-at least the two reducing the number of departments and establishing an executive budgetapproved by the voters. Massachusetts has already done something of the kind. If New York State takes this forward step in practical government, perhaps other States will follow her example. The most eminent student and critic of American democratic government, James Bryce, now Viscount Bryce, has pointed out in his standard work on the subject, "The American Commonwealth," that, while the Federal constitution and system of government is comparatively simple, our State constitutions and government machinery are so complicated and cumbersome that they are, on the one hand, fearfully expensive and, on the other hand, woefully inefficient. The proposed constitutional amendments will go far towards correcting this defect.

THE CUT IN RAILWAY WAGES

s a measure looking towards the re

As a measure looking toss conditions

the leading railways of the country have announced their intention of making a proportionate cut in wages and salaries. The Pennsylvania Railroad explains its action in a statement, part of which reads as folows:

The management of the Pennsyl vania Railroad has already made a reduction of over 70,000 men in its personnel, seriously curtailing maintenance of roadway and equipment, consolidated divisional organizations, and has stopped all expenditures on new work.

Even with such economies as have already been enforced, it takes almost the whole of current earnings merely

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to pay current operating expenses. It is evident that the requirements of the Transportation Act that railroads shall be administered in an efficient and economical manner cannot be satisfied without still further reductions in expenses.

The Pennsylvania and the other railways affected by the general adoption of this policy announced that all reductions would be submitted to their employees in accordance with the Transportation Act. If the employees had accepted these reductions, there would have been no need to secure the assent of the United States Railway Labor Board. The employees apparently have no intention of accepting the reduction without an appeal. Upon their instance, the Labor Board has summoned the leading railway executives and financiers to show cause why present working rules

THEY ARE ENTIRELY WITHOUT SHELTER

General Leonard Wood as the man best qualified to make such an inquiry.

General Wood is one of the world's great administrators. His experience in Cuba as Military Governor and in the Philippines as Governor of the Moro Province and in military command of the Philippines Division was unique because the conditions he encountered were unlike those existing before and after. A report from him on the Philip pine question is sure to be calm and unbiased.

Whether or not General Wood ultimately accepts the Governorship of the Philippines, the service upon which he now enters as a part of his Army work will be of the utmost value.

THE NEAR AND FAR EAST

ENERAL LEONARD WOOD makes the

and conditions should not continue in G timely suggestion that Holy Week

full.

Mr. Frank P. Walsh, attorney for the railway unions, is quoted as saying that the proposed reduction is part of a conspiracy to break the power of organized labor. So far as public sympathy is concerned in the impending controversy, organized railway labor will suffer because of the general hostility aroused at the time of the passage of the Adamson Act and because of the widespread

be signalized by a special contribution to save the starving Armenians.

Of the remnant of the Armenian nation, most are in desperate need. The Near East Relief is feeding daily over half a million refugees. It is not only feeding but is also clothing and educating the children, of whom more than a quarter of a million are orphans, most of them having been eye-witnesses of their parents' tragic fate. The children were

desire for the reduction of transporta left homeless and hopeless. They were

tion charges.

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exiled, and the Near East Relief found them weak, diseased, naked, dying. The Relief has already fed and clothed about a hundred thousand of these children; it is educating many of them and teaching them useful trades. Five dollars a month will save one life; $10 will feed and clothe a child; $15 will feed, clothe, and educate. In sympathy with General Wood's suggestion, The Outlook urges its readers to celebrate Holy Week by

an outward evidence of inward grace. The address of the Treasurer of the Near East Relief is 1 Madison Avenue, New York City.

Coincidentally comes President Harding's no less timely appeal to all Americans to save the starving Chinese-and many more are starving there than in Armenia.

It is now seen that unless immediate help is given the spring plantings will be prevented. For the Chinese are not only without food to sustain their lives, they are also without seed to put in the fields. The horrible famine, resulting from two years of crop failures, is ghastly enough; there must not be a third year of such failure. The Outlook also urges as to this pressing need that checks be sent as promptly as possible to the Treasurer of the China Famine Fund, Bible House, New York City.

PADEREWSKI THE PATRIOT

"Tin

No try to honor Mr. Paderewski is in itself an honor," declared Ambassador Jusserand the other night at the Paderewski Testimonial Dinner in New York City.

For many years most people have interpreted Ignace Jan Paderewski in terms of music. But those who know him well know that he is not only a

pre-eminent composer and pianist, but that he is also a keen student of the Bible, of ethnography and ethnology, and of Oriental art; more than this, he is a practical, resourceful authority in matters of statecraft, especially as affecting his native Poland. He is among the most versatile of men. Like Leonardo, he shines in many domains.

When, some years ago, he abandoned music to serve his country and when he became Prime Minister, many persons

were surprised. For instance, Premier Clemenceau, of France, meeting Mr. Paderewski, inquired: "Is it true, monsieur, that you, the greatest musician in the world, have accepted the Premiership of Poland?" "Mais oui, monsieur," replied Paderewski. Clemenceau sighed and said, "Quelle dégringolade!"

What a downfall it seemed to others too! Yet Paderewski assured the seven hundred people at the Hotel Astor the other night that, much as he loved music, he loved Poland more.

His work for Poland is now historic. As Mr. Louis Marshall said:

Great as Paderewski has been in the domain of music, he has been equally great as an artist in the field of diplomacy. His name will appear in the forefront of those whom history will recognize as the emancipators of Poland. His tact, his marvelous enthusiasm, his fiery oratory, opened the way for the consummation of that act of justice of which her people have dreamed for more than a century.

To this Mr. Herbert Hoover added:

yours is merely the country of the largest factories, of the longest railways, of the tallest buildings in the world; ... that you are a great commercial and industrial people, of great engineers, peerless inventors, fearless speculators in business and banking, superior to any and every one. . . . It is true, but the truest fact of all is the fact that you are idealists to the core. . . . It is your idealism... that drives your wealthy men to endow great causes with much munificence... that makes the enlightened masses contribute millions to the relief of suffering throughout the world. Such achievements will remain forever the glory and the pride of America.

Inestimable as have been Mr. Paderewski's services to Poland and necessary as they have been to maintain that outpost of Western civilization in eastern Europe, we hope that he can before long return to his composition and interpretation of music. For in his art he belongs not to Poland only but to the whole world.

THE ASSASSINATION OF
PREMIER DATO

NEW chapter was added to the his

A turbulence Spain

During the days of almost anarchy in the early stages of Polish reorganization, Mr. Paderewski developed full protection for the helpless elements of the population, particularly the Jews, and laid foundations for relationships among the people that must be tolerant and enduring. And Mr. Henry Morgenthau paid this tribute:

My greatest admiration for Mr. Paderewski comes from the part he played with that splendid band of men in Paris . . . who strove so hard that a new note of peace and harmony should prevail in the world. . . . I firmly believe that, when history is written... the great outstanding list of great figures of this century will never be complete without the name of our guest of this evening. In his eloquent acknowledgment Mr. Paderewski said, in part:

We

We are a nation once more. are free at last. . . . We are all united in imperishable gratitude to God and to all the men whom he has chosen for the fulfillment of his divine purpose. . . . Long before this mighty Republic had decided to join the Allied forces, fighting for light and right, I found here friends, many good friends, who most generously enabled me to collect funds for the relief of our war victims. . . . We had had some promises and some encouraging words had been spoken to us by other countries. Our best friend, that chivalrous, heroic, glorious FranceFrance whom we have loved for a thousand years-France was desperately struggling for her very existence. . . . . What could we expect? . . . The promises given were of a rather vague kind. Our prospects were positively gloomy until the tremendous weight of your influence was thrown on the balance and decided it at once in our favor.

That tremendous weight was something very well known to me. It was your American idealism. Some people think... that this huge country of

by the assassination on March 8 of the Spanish Premier, Eduardo Dato. He was killed by Anarchists who fired into his automobile as he was leaving the Cortes, the Spanish Parliament.

Premier Dato occupied the Premiership several times during the period of the war. In the conflicting currents of Spanish sympathy for the belligerents, he seemed consistently in favor of the Entente. The Spanish army and the clerical authorities aligned themselves in general upon the side of Germany and her allies. The opposition of these important elements, together with the

Bain

EDUARDO DATO, LATE PREMIER OF SPAIN

economic upheavals which took place in Spain during the war, made the last years of Dato's career unusually feverish even for a Spanish statesman.

Premier Dato, however, retained a position of eminence which even his opponents were forced unwillingly to recognize. Despite, for instance, his setback in the last popular elections, it was generally acknowledged that he was one of the few men to whom the King could turn for the formation of even a semistable Government.

CARDINAL DOUGHERTY

A

SCHOLARLY Pennsylvanian prelate of the Roman Catholic Church was last week raised to the Cardinalate. Dennis Dougherty is a Pennsylvanian by birth and education. After completing his studies at St. Charles's Seminary, at Overbrook, and carrying off the highest honors of his class, he returned there to serve as Professor of Philosophy and later as Professor of Dogmatic Theology. In 1903 he was chosen to be the first American bishop of the Roman Catholic Church in the Philippine Islands. There he was confronted with many problems, ecclesiastical, educational, economic, social, political. After twelve years' arduous labor in the islands he returned to the United States and was made Bishop of Buffalo, being transferred three years later to the Archdiocese of Philadelphia. These successive steps are now appropriately followed by a fourth.

Cardinal Dougherty becomes the third living American cardinal, the others being Cardinals Gibbons and O'Connell. There have been but five American cardinals, all told. Not only is this number disproportionate to the size and importance of the Roman Catholic Church in America, as contrasted with other countries, but that size and importance would seem also to demand a larger number of cardinals in actual charge here. Italy has twenty-two cardinals, France has seven, and Spain six. But Spain has only about twenty million Roman Catholics, whereas this country and its dependencies include some twenty-four million.

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Underwood

DELEGATES TO THE REPARATION CONFERENCE IN LONDON

At the left is General Gouraud; next to him is Premier Lloyd George, of England, with cane; Premier Briand, of France, is in the center, also with cane

were by birth appropriate representa. tives of the "Unredeemed Greeks," for Mr. Kyriakides was born on an island in the Sea of Marmora and Mr. Vassilakaki was born at Smyrna, in Asia Minor. Most of the "Unredeemed Greeks" lived in Thrace and Asia Minor under Turkish sovereignty. But the Treaty of Sèvres, concluded after the World War, unites Thrace and the Smyrna district of Asia Minor to Greece.

An Allied Conference, composed of Ambassadors and Foreign Ministers, also known as the Supreme Council, has been meeting in London. Recent events both in Greece and Turkey have led it to a reinvestigation of actual conditions and an inclination towards stripping Greece of some of her recently acquired territory. Hence Mr. Kyriakides has sent the following cablegram from Athens to The Outlook:

The Central Committee of Unredeemed Greeks in its last meeting passed the following resolution:

"It considers most unjust the decision of the Allied Conference to send a commission for investigation to Thrace, Smyrna, and the districts now under Greek rule.

"The Committee further considers as a national misfortune and an international calamity any attempt of the Allied Powers to alter the conditions of the Treaty of Sèvres which will lead to the extermination of the Christians of Thrace and Smyrna districts, long under Turkish tyranny and misrule.

"The Unredeemed Greeks solemnly declare to the American people and press their resolute and irrevocable determination to oppose any attempt to revise the Treaty of Sèvres.

"The Unredeemed Greeks appeal to the American people and press for their kind intervention for the main

tenance and integrity of the Treaty of Sèvres.

"The restoration of the misrule of the Turks in Thrace and Asia Minor means the submission of the Christians, oppression, persecution, and massacre."

Neither The Outlook, whom Mr. Kyria kides addresses, nor even the American Government and people, can, by waving some magic wand, dispel all the troubles in the Near East.

Nor can the Allies, at the request of the "Unredeemed Greeks," undo the injury which the Greeks' own Government has done. Nor can the Greeks them selves undo the effect of their King's attitude during the war and the suspicion in which not only he but they were regarded, a suspicion confirmed by his restoration.

Nevertheless, no matter what the Greek Government has or has not done, there is an unmistakable difference between Turkish non-civilization and Greek civilization. As opposed to an almost entire absence of Turkish endeavor in education, there are in Thrace nearly seven hundred Greek schools with about fifty thousand students, and in Asia Minor nearly three thousand Greek schools with well over two hundred thousand students, and all these institutions are being maintained by the voluntary contributions of the Greek people.

When one considers the historical, ethnological, and very present practical claims of Greece to the territories in question, it is impossible not to feel strong sympathy with the cablegram from Mr. Kyriakides, in its cry against the injustice which would now deprive the Greeks of lands assured to them by

the Treaty of Sèvres, and put many thousands of Greeks back under the rule of the incompetent Turk.

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THE NEW REVOLUTION
IN RUSSIA

ENINE in an interview published in

mizes the revolt against the Soviets as a petty incident in Kronstadt caused by discontent among foolish sailors. But he straightway contradicts himself by saying that it has been utilized by "Czarist officers, reactionaries, Mensheviki, Social Revolutionaries, and foreign Powers." If all these people are openly hostile to Bolshevik misgovernment, the movement can hardly be called a petty incident. Other reports, one from Kronstadt itself, assert that the main force behind the revolt is the Social Revolutionist party.

It is too early to predict the outcome. There is some force in Trotsky's view that the mere possession of Petrograd would not mean the downfall of the Soviets. The main question is whether the Bolshevik army is seriously disaffected. The latest reports at this writing assert that there has been widespread desertion of Soviet troops (in one case, it is said, 7,000 in one body) and that there have been strikes among the workmen in Petrograd and clashes between them and Soviet soldiers. Rebellion has been reported as far east as Omsk and it is even said that insurgents have captured Omsk.

An anti-Soviet leader in London, Mr. Baikaloff, declares: "The revolution is being carried on by workers, sailors, soldiers, and peasants. The Socialist parties are not even indirectly responsible. The movement is concentrated in Petrograd, but already is spreading through the country."

Whether now or later, Russia must overthrow the Bolshevik proletariat class autocracy or convert it into some form of representative government.

GERMANY UNREPENTANT

THE

HE Reichstag's approval of Dr. Simons's conduct of the German case at the London Conference is an indorsement of a policy of obstinate, if passive, resistance to Germany's treaty agreements. The opposition to this vote of confidence (268 to 49) was not because Dr. Simons had not yielded enough, but partly political and partly because he (in his opponents' opinion) had been willing to yield too much. Herr Stinnes, for instance, declared positively that even Dr. Simons's first offer at London, so flatly refused by the Allies, was going far beyond Germany's ability to pay. Thus Germany plants herself definitely on a

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