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Solvay (sol'va). A village in Onondaga County, New York, adjoining Syracuse. It has manufactories of soda-ash, pottery, etc. Population, 5,139, (1910).

Somali Coast Protectorate*, or Somaliland. About 15,000 square miles were ceded to Abyssinia in 1897. It is administered by a commissioner. Chief town and seaport, Berbera. Area, 68,000 square miles. Popu. lation, over 300,000.

Somali Coast Protectorate, French, or French Somaliland. A French colony in North Africa, on the Gulf of Aden, between the British Somali Coast Protectorate and the Italian colony of Eritrea. It includes the ports of Obok and Jibuti, the latter being the seat of government. The native races are the Danakil and Somali. The colony is administered by a governor and a privy council. Area, about 5,790 square miles. Population, over 200,000. Somerset (sum'èr-set), Lady Henry (Isabella Caroline Somers). Born 1851. An English philanthropist and writer, daughter of the third Earl Somers. She has taken a prominent part in temperance reform and the advancement of women's work, and established the first industrial farm colony for inebriate women and various training-schools and misions. She is the founder and editor of the "Woman's Signal," and has written "Studies in Black and White," A Book for Children," "Our Village Life," "Under the Arch of Life," etc. Somerville (sum'er-vil). The county-seat of Somerset County, New Jersey, on the Raritan River, 10 miles northwest of New Brunswick. It has manufactories of carriages, woolen goods, ranges, etc. Population, 5,060, (1910). Sommer (so-mar'), Roger. Born at Pierrepont, Meurthe-et-Moselle, Aug. 4, 1877. A French aviator. He made a world's record in a Farman aëroplane on Aug. 7, 1909, by a flight lasting 2 hrs., 27 min., 15 sec., at Camp de Châlons.

Sonnenthal (zōn'nen-täl), Adolf, Ritter von. Born at Budapest, Dec. 21, 1834: died at Prague, April 4, 1909. An Austrian actor. His first appearance on the stage was at Temesvár, in 1851. In 1856 he was engaged for the Vienna court theater, of which he became manager-in-chief in 1884. In 1882 a patent of nobility was conferred upon him. He played

is about 11,000.

in various European cities, and in 1885, 1899, and 1902 visited the United States. Among his chief parts were Hamlet, King Lear, Wallenstein, Nathan (in Lessing's "Nathan der Weise"), and Mortimer (in Schiller's "Maria Stuart"). Bons of the American Revolution. An association similar to that of the Sons of the Revolution, but limited to lineal descendants of those who rendered actual service in the War of the Revolution. The national society was organized in New York, April 30, 1889. The total membership Sons of the Revolution. A patriotic society originated in New York in 1876 by John A. Stevens and others. The aggregate membership of limited to adult male descendants of those who helped to its thirty-one State societies is now about 8,000 and is establish American independence between the dates of April 19, 1775, and April 19, 1783. The object of the society is to perpetuate the memory of the men who achieved American independence, to preserve documents relating to the War of the Revolution, to inspire a patriotic spirit, and to assist in the commemorative celebration of great Borel (so-rel'), Albert. Born at Honfleur, France, Aug. 13, 1842: died at Paris, June 29, 1906. A noted French historian and author. In 1893 he was elected a member of the French Academy, succeeding Taine, of whom he was a disciple. The most important of his works are "Histoire diplomatique de la guerre franco-allemande" (1875), "La question d'orient au XVIIIe siècle: origine de la triple alliance" (1878), and "L'Europe et la révolution française" (1885-1903), for the last of which the French Academy awarded him the Gobert prize in 1887 and 1888. He is the author also of two novels, "La grande Falaise" (1872) and "Le docteur Egra" (1873); Essais d'histoire et de critique" (1882, 1888); and biographies of Montesquieu (1887) and Madame de Staël (1891) He was made an officer of the Legion of Honor in 1885, Sorolla y Bastida (sō-rōl'yä e bäs-te'dä), Joaquín. Born at Valencia, Spain, Feb. 27, 1863. A noted Spanish painter. He studied in Valencia and Madrid, and later in Rome, Paris, and again in Italy. New York and elsewhere in the United States.

historic events.

and received the Prix Osiris in 1906.

In 1909 a large number of his paintings were exhibited in Sorsogon (sor-so-gōn'). 1. A province of the Philippine Islands, situated in the southeastern extremity of Luzón, and including several small adjacent islands. It is bounded by Albay (partly separated by mountains) on the north; the Pacific Ocean on the east; the Strait of San Bernardino (separat ing it from Samar) on the southeast; and the Visayan Sea on the south and west. Among its bays are Port Gubat on the eastern and Port Sorsogon on the southwestern coast, the latter a fine harbor safe for large vessels in all weather. Sorsogon is in an active seismic center, and earthquakes are frequent. The volcano Bulusan, 4,053 feet in height, is solfataric, and there are numerous hot springs near its foot. The chief rivers are the Donsol, the Putiao, and the Irocin, which are navigable by native Dosts for from 10 to 13 miles. Coal is found in several parts of the province. Lead, sulphur, and gypsum are also reported. Almost half of the land (45.5 per cent.) is agricultural. Among the products are sweet potatoes,

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Charlatan," and "Chris and the Wonderful Lamp"; or chestral suites; and a large number of miscellaneous compositions. South Africa, United States of. See Union of South Africa. South African Republic", now the Transvaal. After its annexation to the British Empire in 1900 its name was changed from South African Republic changed to the Transvaal when it became a province of (adopted in 1884) to Transvaal Colony. This name was the Union of South Africa in 1910. It sends 8 senators and 36 representatives to the Union Parliament at Pretoria. Its internal affairs are conducted by an administrator (appointed by the governor-general for 5 years) and a provincial council of 36 members elected for 3 years. Members of the Provincial Council are elected on the same system as members of Parliament, but the restriction as to European descent does not apply. The first parliamentary and provincial elections for the Transvaal were held (under the South Africa Act of 1909) on Sept. 15, 1910. See Union of South Africa.

South Amboy (south am-boi').. A city in Middlesex County, New Jersey, incorporated in 1908, and coextensive with South Amboy township. It is on Raritan Bay, at the mouth of the Raritan River, 20 miles southwest of Jersey City. It is a shipping-point for coal, and has manufactories of pottery, asphaltum, brick, etc. Population, 7,007, (1910). Southbridge (south'brij). A town in Worcester County, Massachusetts, situated on the Quinebaug River. It has cotton- and woolen-mills, and manufactures of cutlery, optical glasses, etc. Popu lation, 12,592, (1910). Southern Education Board. An organization for aiding in the advancement of education in and local authorities in building up the public the Southern States, by coöperating with State school system, especially in rural districts. Southington (suTH'ing-ton). A town in Hartford County, Connecticut, on the Quinnipiac River, 10 miles northwest of Waterbury. Manufacturing is its principal industry, the products including cutlery, hardware, etc. Population, 6,516, (1910).

South Kingstown (south kingz'toun). A town in Washington County, Rhode Island, 26 miles southwest of Providence. Its chief interests are agriculture, manufacturing, oyster culture, and fishing. Population, 5,176, (1910). South Milwaukee (south mil-wa'ke). A city in Milwaukee County, Wisconsin, 8 miles south of Milwaukee. It has mannfactories of electrical supplies, steam-dre wool, etc. Population, 6,092, South Omaha (south o'ma-h Douglas County, Nebraska, s Missouri River adjoining Omal business in slaughtering and meat-p manufacture of barrels, tubs, etc. (1910).

South Orange (south orʼanj); Essex County, New Jersey, 41 Newark. It is mainly resider seat of Seton Hall College (Ro Population, 6,014, (1910). South Orkney Islands". Th pendency of the Falkland Isla South Portland (south port'la Cumberland County, Maine, on posite Portland, with which it i bridges. It has railroad shops, works, etc., and is the seat of. school for boys. Population, 7 South Sharon (south shar'on). Mercer County, Pennsylvania, 1901. It has steel- and wire-wo ulation, 10,190, (1910).

South Shetland". The group of islands form a dependency of the Falkland Islands. Spargo (spär'go), John. Born at Stithians, Cornwall, Jan. 31, 1876. An Anglo-American socialist. He became identified with the socialist movement in England in early life, came to America in 1901, and has since been active in the socialist cause.

He

is a member of the national executive committee of the Socialist party. Among his publications are "The Bitter Cry of the Children" (1906), "The Socialists" (1906), "Socialism" (1906), "Capitalist and Laborer" (1907)," "The Common Sense of the Milk Question" (1908), "The Com. mon Sense of Socialism" (1908), "The Socialism of William Morris" (1908), "The Spiritual Significance of Modern Socialism" (1908), "Karl Marx" (1909), "The Substance of Socialism" (1910), "Sidelights on Contemporary Socialism" (1911), etc. Spartanburg (spär'tan-berg). A city, the capital of Spartanburg County, South Carolina. It contains Converse College, Wofford College, a public library, and the State Institute for the Deaf, Dumb, and Blind; and has cotton- and lumber-mills, iron-works, and manufactures of rope, brooms, etc. Population, 17,517, (1910).

Speer (sper), Robert Elliott. Born at Huntingdon, Pa., Sept. 10, 1867. Assistant secretary 1891-93..and secretary from 1893 of the was graduated from Princeton University in 1889 and atPresbyterian Board of Foreign Missions. He tended Princeton Theological Seminary 1890-91. He made a missionary tour in Persia, India, China, Korea, and Japan 1896-97 and in South America 1909. Among his publications are "The Man Christ Jesus" (1896), "Missionary

Principles and Practice" (1902), "Missions and Modern Spencer, John Poyntz, fifth Earl Spencer.

History" "(1904), "Christianity and the Nations" (1910).

In 1902 he was appointed Liberal leader in the House of Lords to succeed the Earl of Kimberley. Sperry (sper'i), Charles Stillman. Born at Brooklyn, N. Y., Sept. 3, 1847: died at Washington, D. C., Feb. 1, 1911. An American naval officer. He was graduated from the United

States Naval Academy in 1866; was promoted captain in 1900 and rear-admiral in 1906; and was in command of the battle-ship fleet in its cruise around the world (19081909), from its departure from San Francisco, July 7, 1908. He was president of the Naval War College, and was a delegate to the second Peace Conference in 1907. Retired 1909.

Spitzka (spits'kä), Edward Charles. Born at New York, Nov. 10, 1852. An American neurologist and comparative anatomist. He was professor of nervous and mental diseases and medical jurisprudence in the New York PostGraduate Medical College 1882-84. Spooner (spön'èr), John Coit. Born at Lawrenceburg, Ind., Jan. 6, 1843. An American lawyer and statesman. He was graduated at the University of Wisconsin in 1864; served in the Civil War; was admitted to the bar in 1867; and was (Republican) United States senator from Wisconsin 1885-91 and 1897

1907.

American electrical engineer and inventor. Sprague (sprag), Frank Julian. Born at Milford, Conn., July 25, 1857. A noted

He was graduated at the United States Naval Academy in 1878; resigned from the navy in 1883; and later formed the Sprague Electric Railway and Motor Company, and actively developed electric motors. He is recognized as the pioneer of the modern electric trolley system because of his installation of the road at Richmond, Virginia, 1887-88, the first on a large scale, the features of which became general standards. He then introduced high-speed and automatic electric elevators; formed the Sprague Electric Company; and in 1887 invented the "multipleunit system" of electric train operation, now generally adopted.

Spring Hill (spring hil). A town in Cumberland County, Nova Scotia, Canada. It is situ ated a few miles from the Spring Hill coal-mines. Its main interests are in the mining and transportation of coal. Population, 5,713, (1911). Ensino Vallav/enrino voli) A sito in Bureau

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The

BOYS' CAMPS

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Copyright, 1921, by The Outlook Company

TABLE OF CONTENTS Quan-ta-ba-cook

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Publisher's Notes.....

283

A choice Summer Camp for Boys on a Lake in the Maine Woods near Belfast, Maine

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"Murder is Murder," Even in Ireland 285 CAMP PENN VALCOUR

Serbia Appeals to America.......... 285
Herbert Hoover on Industrial Waste 286
Medicine with a Kick......
James Gibbons Huneker.
The Silk Show..
Barrett Wendell.

The China Famine Fund

286 286

287

287

288

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Founded 1828.

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23 miles from Boston. College Preparation. Strong course for High School graduates. Outdoor sports.

Address MISS BERTHA BAILEY, Principal.

SHORT-STORY WRITING A course of forty lessons in the history, form, structure, and writing of the Short-Story taught by Dr. J. Berg Esenwein, for years Editor of Lippincott's. 150-page catalogue free. Please address THE HOME CORRESPONDENCE SCHOOL Springfield, Mass.

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The New Books The Editors' Mail Bag: Oswegatchie's Distinction; Can a Democrat Pull in a Republican Team? Invitation Respectfully Declined, with Thanks; Ideals and Faith under Lock and Key 309 This Week's Outlook: A Weekly Outline of Current History...

310

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“WE

E judge a paper as we do an individual. And we respect your hoss sense, admire your courage, and appreciate your fairness and charity for the views of others," writes Charles E. Snyder, editor of the Chicago "Daily Drovers' Journal," commenting upon Sherman Rogers's article "The Nation's Meat Bill," which appeared in our February 9 issue. Letters are still arriving commending Mr. Rogers's article "What's the Trouble? Rough Stuff?" published in the issue of January 19. Such letters have come variously from a high official of the American Telephone and Telegraph Company, an officer of the Twentieth Century Club of Boston, the manager of works of a large electrical company, the secretary and chief chemist of a large die-casting concern, an official of the Edison Lamp Works, the president of a Dayton manufacturing or ganization, and the president of one of the largest commercial art organizations in the country. One of them says: "Mr. Rogers usually strikes the nail on the head, and, in my estimation, is doing more than any one else that I know of to bring about industrial peace."

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Roman Catholic Primate of All Ireland, did a service to his Church, as well as to the Irish people, when he

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had the courage in his Lenten pastoral B

letter to denounce as criminal all acts of violence by whomsoever committed. Thus he said that "the lying in wait and shooting of policemen or soldiers is not an act of warfare, but plain murder, and will entail punishment for murder here, and, if not repented and atoned for, terrible punishment hereafter. No reason adduced nor any end, however noble, eould justify it."

There never has been any question that most Catholics in the south of Ireland are Sinn Feiners and advocates of an Irish Republic; most priests also sympathize with this view; and it has been generally charged that the Church sympathizes with resistance to English Fule. It is encouraging, therefore, to find high authority in the Church thus discriminating between political sympathy and murderous violence. Naturally, Cardinal Logue denounced with equal vehemence all lawless acts in the nature of reprisals, and declared such acts, when countenanced officially, to be nothing but wanton oppression, injustice, and sometimes sacrilege and slaughter.

Bishop Cohalan, of Cork, in his Lenten pastoral, even went so far as to say that the so-called Irish Republic could not, at present at least, be regarded by the Church as legally constituted.

Cardinal Bourne, Archbishop of Westminster, took the same occasion to tell his London flock that they must not become implicated by sympathy or co-operation in conspiracy against Church or State, which had been declared by the Pope to be a sin.

Still another Irish ecclesiastic, Archbishop Harty, denounced lawless violence and urged his people not "to compete with others in acts of barbarism." Nevertheless the news every day continues to report from many Irish towns and villages ambushments and outrages directed against the police force. A moving and fair-minded account of the wretched and almost unbelievable condition of affairs in Ireland is drawn by Mrs. Maude Radford Warren in a recent article in the "Saturday Evening Post," which presents with sympathy the suffering of the families of those

SHOP NIKOLAI VELIMIROVIC, of Serbia, is visiting this country. As orator, writer, and theologian he stands preeminent among his countrymen.

He is the son of a Serbian peasant. He was educated in the schools of his country and at the University of Belgrade. Later he studied in the universities of Switzerland, England, Germany, and Russia. He holds the honorary degree of D.D. from the Universities of Oxford and Glasgow.

He is Bishop of Okhrida, near the Albanian border, and is a popular and beloved leader of the Serbian Orthodox Church. Last summer an American accompanied him on a journey into the mountains, where he was to preach in a remote village church. They found the roads lined for twenty-five miles with men, women, and children, who had journeyed far on foot to greet him, and in the mountain church the densely packed people had been standing all through the night.

Bishop Nikolai, as he is familiarly

called, has come to this country to preach the doctrine of Christian unity-that unity which during the war enabled men of different races and creeds to stand shoulder to shoulder in defense of the same ideals. Europe looks to America, he says, both for spiritual and material aid-for spiritual leadership, first of all, without which a ruined world cannot be rebuilt. This message he has already delivered in some of our great churches.

As to material aid, recent developments show that Serbia still needs help. It may be given either through the Serbian Aid Fund, 1 Madison Avenue, New York City, or through the Serbian Child Welfare Association, 7 West Eighth Street, New York City. The statement has been made that Serbia and Rumania are now able to grow food enough for their populations. So they are, but the poor people have not money enough to purchase the food. The price is very high because Serbia and Rumania have no other commodity of exchange than the food which they produce. The Serbian organizations are endeavoring to increase the agricultural output, especially of the small farms and home gardens, as a means to enable the poorer classes to feed themselves. Pending that

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