rouse to frenzy the aggressive party in British politics, seemed to be entirely absent. Both sides apparently contented themselves with a ceaseless repetition of the National anthems.

About the middle of October I had occasion to zigzag down the country from the Canadian border to the Gulf of Mexico. Railway cars, especially the smoking-room end of the railway cars, usually gave one a fairly accurate insight into the people's mind at the moment. My fellow-travelers discussed all sorts of things. As we approached the South we dwelt chiefly on oil and cotton, but, with one exception, the election was never discussed. One day, near Dallas, in Texas, a young merchant said to me: "Last night I sat next to a lady in the theater, and I said to her, 'Do you think Governor Cox will be our next President?' She answered, 'What?' I repeated, 'Do you think Governor Cox will be our next President?' She said she didn't get me. Then I yelled in her ear for the third time, 'DO YOU THINK GOVERNOR COX WILL BE OUR NEXT PRESIDENT?' adding, 'Are you hard of hearing?' 'Oh, no,' she softly answered; I have heard of Harding.''

Now which way, I wonder, did that lady vote, for a very great number of women evidently voted. They seemed to enjoy the new experience, though, I think, on the whole, they were a little disillusioned.

When I was tutor at my college in Cambridge, for many years I occupied rooms rent free; thus I did not fall under the lodger's franchise, and had no vote; consequently I keenly wanted one. As soon, however, as I paid rent for my chambers, and got the vote, I found how useless it was. I think the ladies to some extent will find the same. Before they had the vote-at any rate, in my country-before they were enfranchised, they seemed to think they could give their vote to the just and the honorable, the highminded man. They are now finding out that they can only give it to Mr. X, whose politics they detest, or to Mr. Y, whose past they deplore. Voters have to vote for the man the machine sends along, and the machine is always mightier than the man. In such enormous constituencies as those of the United States there can of course be little personal canvassing except possibly by the members of Congress, who appeal to a much more limited franchise. The seekers after the higher posts depend almost entirely upon speeches and the newspaper platform. How much of what they promise they will succeed in doing is always a doubtful matter, but, as the colored gentleman that rebuked the Senator for standing on the platform at the end of the railway car, between stations, said, "A platform ain't meant to stand on; a platform's meant to get in on."

Perhaps the fact that the election was to so great an extent a foregone conclusion, that a deep ground-swell per

time, and the Declaration of Independence of George III's time were all drawn up and signed by Englishmen. At what exact moment Washington, Jefferson, and the others ceased to be Englishmen and became Americans can hardly be determined, but no one can deny that the greater part of the life they passed through was passed through as Englishmen. How long this state of things will continue is, for those who desire it to continue, a matter of some

anxiety. At present the British strain tends to become swamped by an overflowing immigration from central and eastern Europe. The percentage of British descent was diminished and is diminishing, and many who have the welfare of the United States at heart wish that it should be increased.

On board RMS "OLYMPIC

November 11th./20.

Sir Arthur's letter was not intended for publication. We take the liberty of printing it, however, that our readers may know of Sir Arthur's solicitude for the feelings of his friends. We wish to assure them, moreover, as well as Sir Arthur himself, that nothing has been cut out, and that the most sensitive of Americans can find no just cause for offense in anything he has written, but only benefit and enjoyment from both this article and the one that will succeed it next week. THE EDITORS

OFFICIALS OF THE JUNIOR REPUBLIC OVER TWENTY YEARS AGO

The boy The girl at the left became a domestic science teacher and then married a physician. next to her graduated from Ada College, Ohio, was a candidate for Congress, and is now a lawyer. The boy in the chair was coxswain of the crew and Phi Beta man at Cornell, graduated from the Harvard Law School, and is a lawyer. The boy at the extreme right graduated from Harvard and is editor of one of the leading dailies of New York State

social sanitarium. There is no loss of citizenship. And why should there be when we remember that the nineteen equally guilty who are not caught do not lose theirs? He is still a man. His family may reside with him if they desire; and they (the family) may depart therefrom whenever they wish, but of course he may not. Everything that tends to uplift and restore him to the normal is in operation. He has full opportunity to exercise the forces of self-government, self-support, recreation, and service.

When laws are violated in the first inclosure, the courts of that community, conducted by the social patients themselves, send the offenders to the second inclosure, where they remain until readmitted to the first again by the citizens of the first inclosure. General conditions in the second inclosure and those succeeding are the same as in the first; and in the first inclosure conditions, as already stated, are the same as in the world at large, but with each successive inclosure approaching the fifth the "patient" is removed farther from discharge to the outside world, for there is no way of returning except by the way he entered. In the fifth inclosure are those who are so hopelessly deficient that there is little hope of any permanent improvement, and these hopeless beings remain under the care of social doctors for the balance of their days, and are made as happy and comfortable as the circumstances of their cases will warrant.

Women while advocating their right to the suffrage would say with irony that every one seemed to have the right to self-government but women, convicts, children, and the insane.

Happily, the masculine element of mankind are quite generally seeing the advantage of giving women a greater part in the government of our country.

The same thing should be done for the sometimes called "criminal" under the geographical restriction of the Social Sanitarium.

let at our feet. Then these "infants" in our National extremity rush to our aid, and lo! to our joy, we find that no fitter men ever existed to do or die to save the Nation. Does the United States Government expect less of a soldier of eighteen years than of one of thirty-five? In time of war they are men. When peace is declared, they are relegated to infancy.

The absurdity of legal infancy, after considering the facts, is enough to drive any self-respecting group to rebellion. Thank goodness, they don't see it in that light, for there are enough of them to keep the War Department busy if they should "start something."

The worst feature of this injustice to youth, however, is its reaction upon society. Realizing that they are not expected to participate in any selfgovernment responsibilities, the naturally good youths lapse into indifference concerning civic affairs in general, while the naturally wild and vicious ones, who would accept responsibilities if they had them, commit disorderly acts because their relation to society's laws -not their laws-causes them to regard the law, the judge, and the policeman as their natural enemies. Good youths, although not participating in the depredations of the so-called bad ones, have a sort of fellow-feeling for the offender. A tacit freemasonry exists between all youth; "I must not snitch," is a universal watchword among them until the magic moment when in the twinkling of an eye they are transformed from official infancy to official manhood, with all its vested responsibilities. It is about that time that some young dare-devil who had previously occupied a favorite corner of the heart ceases to be a hero and is henceforth regarded as an outlaw. Civic responsibility has caused the change of mind.

At this point we make the direct charge that a large portion of juvenile delinquency is due to the fact that through lack of any responsibility being placed upon youths in the way of selfgovernment they became indifferent to law enforcement, or, worse still, some become lawbreakers.

A JUNIOR MUNICIPALITY IN EVERY
COMMUNITY

If in time of war youths are given full responsibilities of manhood, why not give them at least some responsibilities in time of peace? Is it not conceivable that they would respond? Believe me, they would, in a manner that would make some wise fossils open their eyes in amazement. I veritably believe that if adult minors of military age were given the direct responsibilities of handling the problem of delinquents below the age of twenty-one years, a marvelous change for the better would appear before much time had elapsed.

The successful try-out of this theory in its complete form in the Junior Republic at Freeville goes far to show the plan to be feasible. There will be no

attempt to give a history of the Junior Republic and its methods, for they are generally well known. It was founded on the basis that the four social forces of self-government, self-support, recreation, and service should be placed squarely up to youths of a decent age, and the belief that they would rise to the attendant responsibilities as well as adults. It was tried, and this first complete expression of a government of the youth, for the youth, and by the youth was successful. The Junior Republic is a village exactly the same as any other village in the land except for the fact that the citizens of the Junior Republic village reach their voting age at sixteen years and are given full responsibilities of citizenship at that time.

The idea of a Junior Municipality is another experiment in social doctoring that has worked successfully. The Junior Municipality is composed of all youths in a community between the ages of sixteen and twenty-one years. When one of these organizations is in operation, they have political parties and elect a Junior officer for every position occupied by a corresponding senior officer in the city government. The appointive positions are also filled by young citizens who are given such positions by the Junior Mayor. The duty of all Junior officers is to aid the senior officers in the discharge of their duties in every manner consistent with conditions.

Perhaps it may appear that the somewhat extended discussion of the "criminal" problem and the injustice to "adult minors" is a departure from the subject; but, in fact, it is very much to the point, for the social doctor understands that, whether it is the case of an individual or of a group, social life is maintained only through the functioning of the four forces of self-government, self-support, recreation, and service. Therefore when he is called to diagnose the case of the youth of our country and the officially classified delinquents he discovers that the professionals who have had these cases in

The young man at the extreme left, the retiring president, gave his life for his country as lieutenant in the air service. Between the fellow taking the oath as president and the young woman waiting to be sworn in as vice-president is the judge of the Junior Republic, who also gave his life for his country. After graduating from the Albany Law School and being admitted to the bar he enlisted in the 27th Division, was commissioned as lieutenant, and was killed in action

charge have had no regard for some of these forces-particularly those of self-government and to a limited extent self-support-and have been trying without success to cure the social maladies by punishment, or the use of the method adopted by the Irishman who tried to cure a sore on the tail of his dog by cutting that appendage off close behind the ears.

It will be a long step in the right direction when there is a universal belief that self-government should be given an opportunity for self-expression in every individual and community, and that if it does not work just right it needs treatment not extermination.

Self-support should be compelled except in the case of the physically unfit and children. The idle rich and the lazy poor especially, need the stimulus of the goad of necessity.

These two forces are emphasized in this article, for there seems to be more of a tendency to neglect or qualify these than is the case with recreation and service. Hence very little is said

about these last two named major forces in this article.

EVERYBODY NEEDS THE SOCIAL DOCTOR

Let it be distinctly understood that the ideas herein recorded are not to be construed as "interloping" in the field of the church.

While all the members of society are victims of social ills, it remains for the officially labeled dependent and delinquent to come in for special organized attention as if they were the only humans afflicted with social disorders. Conferences, State and National, are held to discuss methods for their treatment, and philanthropic organizations are established, bountifully trusteed, who employ experts to do a work akin to what we suggest for a social doctor.

What is the quarrel? None whatever, except we would that the rest of mankind, who need social treatment quite as much as those bearing an official label to that effect, could be treated by a professional social doctor without first applying for charity or being convicted of a crime. Furthermore, we all need him for some minor social troubles just as much as we need the medical doctor for minor but annoying physical ailments.

So we propose the social doctor duly licensed by the State, who can hang out his shingle and do business in the way of curing or ameliorating social ills in the same dignified and effective way that his medical brother treats the physical ills.

Above all, he should not be "bossed" by a board of trustees any more than a medical doctor, a lawyer, a Burbank, or an Edison. Not that boards of trustees are always out of order, for often they are absolutely essential, but in this comparatively new field of social work there are sometimes cases of over-trusteeing. Individual initiative should be encouraged, providing the individual and the initiative are of the right sort.

The social doctor idea is feasible.