mangled area invaded by the fire. Fortunately, the woods endangered were not of resinous fir, but were of birch and maple, and the ground was far more open. The wind had blown the sparks and flames down a straight and narrow pathway perhaps a hundred yards in width and in length a half of a mile. The rear end of the fire's trail was black and dead, while forward fresh fuel burned vividly. The tops of the trees flamed fiercely until dead leaves and dried twigs were consumed, then as suddenly died down, while smoldering flames crept more slowly up the trunks and traveled out the length of the limbs. Under the consumed trees the fire burned more slowly among the fallen logs and shrubbery on the ground. Here green undergrowth resisted its fury and the surrounding woods sheltered it from the wind.

Where the chemical bombs struck the front ranks of the enemy the fire smothered and died. Arnold Adair, with experienced hand, dropped the bombs carefully as he pivoted exactly above the desired spot from an elevation so close to the tops of the burning trees that the hot breath from beneath scorched their faces and tossed the airplane in unsteady bumps-now up, now down. Expending the last of his store of ammunition upon the brushheaps just beginning to blaze, Arnold pulled away with a soaring climb, and, wiping his smarting eyes and clearing

them as best he could, he peered ahead to pick out some guiding landmark on the black landscape below. The canyon was crossed, the Green ranch identified, and a straight course for the reservation was maintained.

A light in the Williams house enabled him to identify the landing-field hidden in the depth of the fir forest, and, after a preparatory circuit with the landing-light ablaze, he carefully dropped down to earth and released the inspector from his belt.

"Want to go back with more bombs?" inquired David, hurrying to their side and handing up another loaded basket as the inspector weakly climbed out of his seat.

"It must be nearly morning, isn't it?" was the reply of Inspector Williams. The two aviators shouted with laughter.

"We haven't been gone quite half an hour, Williams," Arnold computed, after glancing at his watch. "With another trip or two we can pretty well smother the edges of that fire on the ground." "You two do that, boys. I've got some telephoning to do. That fire is not on my reservation. That's Inspector Otis's job, over on Unaweep Mesa, and he must get his men up there and stay until morning.

"But I want to say, Mr. Adair," he added, as David Green hoisted up a second basket filled with chemical bombs and climbed into his seat behind Arnold, "that Uncle Sam don't

need me nor Inspector Otis nor any of

us ground-hogs out here any longer to patrol these mountains on horseback. Those millions of dollars' worth of timber a year won't be burned up here so regular if Washington will send us an airplane or two. Good-night to you, and much obliged. I'm going to telephone over to Sam Otis about this newfangled fire engine." He paused as he entered the house to shout back, "I wish you'd give him a demonstration." Arnold promised he would, and the two aviators flew away.

After drenching the front ranks of the creeping enemy with repeated showers of restraining bombs and smashing the rest in the front-line trees already aflame, they turned the solitary fire-fighting craft in the starlit skies nose downward and slid noiselessly down into the deep valley of the Unaweep towards the lights of the Green ranch.

"We'll have to be nice to the cook, or we'll get a cold supper, Arnold," commented David Green as they glided into the pasture for a landing. "And after supper I want to lay out a design for a regular chemical fire-fighting engine to operate from the air. We can release the gas above the fire and let it settle down like the mustard gas we used in the war. Why won't that smother a forest fire?"

"It will," replied Arnold, as he stepped out of the machine and made for the mess-hall door.

S

JOME months ago I reviewed in The Outlook the biography of Canon Barnett, the founder of Toynbee Hall, in London, and therefore of the settlement movement throughout the world. The writer was Mrs. Barnett, since decorated with the Order of the British Empire, and to-day, at an age of over seventy, the most venerable and authoritative woman in English public life. It was therefore with much interest that I had word from Mrs. Barnett that she intended, a second time, to brave the hospitality of the New World, crossing Canada westwards and swinging the rest of the circle in the United States, where she had been chosen Honorary President of the Federation of Settlements. In the biography Mrs. Barnett tells of ten weeks spent here, but was apparently a little dazed, for she devotes only one paragraph in two volumes to her rem iniscences, expressing, indeed, "a reverence for that great country and its great hodgepodge of peoples, a rever

1921

IN THE HAMPSTEAD GARDEN SUBURB Houses grouped around a public unwalled garden

ence not unmixed with fear," but ask-
ing, "Will its great soul-for it has a
great soul-burst its body? or its
spiritual force be crushed by its physi-
cal wealth? Much depends on its
women" then exercising in part the
vote. But now, after speaking thirty-
three times in her first fifty-six days to
eager and often over-crowded audiences,
Mrs. Barnett had much to say in con-
versation, always giving a kindly com-
ment, even where her criticism, like
her admiration, is candid. On factories,
dwellings, law courts, all of which she
visited, her opinions were constructive
and original.

"I had been chairman," she said, "of the committee in North London which entertained many hundreds of American soldiers. They visited us, and I come here to leave cards in return. We felt it a privilege to have them, and I want to acknowledge the privilege. And, as an Englishwoman, I want to understand America and I want Americans to understand England. I have not talked politics. I have looked into social problems-the life of the people.

"I go back to tell England, for instance, of the wonderful care and patience shown in your special court, here in New York, for dealing with unfortunate women. We need that object-lesson. Also, I could not but admire greatly the Children's Court. All those boys needed was a garden. I do not object, as do some people, to the sky-scrapers. They are exciting. I like them. And I particularly enjoyed many American factories. They are often quite beautiful-set on the streets in exactly the right proportions. In many cities-Chicago especially-the parks are simply marvelous. And the air of New York-so free from smoke and clouds-is exquisitely clear.

"In the main," went on Mrs. Barnett, "I visited the rich"-meaning, I think,

the well-to-do rather than the multimillionaires-"and I cannot speak with sufficient gratitude of the love and consideration to be found in the beautiful homes which so many families have But at my meetmade for themselves. ings I have called on American women also to consider the poor, of whose actual life they too often know nothing. In that wider sense, home-making is neglected in the United States. Conditions in London are undoubtedly better than in Chicago. My American friends are astonished when I tell them that London has spent thirty-six million pounds on buying up slums and has clean written off this money from her balance-sheet. On cottages England is spending twenty million pounds, not to be repaid for sixty years." And

on the Hampstead Garden Suburb alone, I may interpolate, which Mrs. Barnett herself originated, £1,250,000 has been already spent. Not that her comparisons are always favorable to England-by no means. She is impressed by prohibition, and adds: "I suppose that over there we are all drinking ourselves to death"-which doubtless is not to be taken too literally.

"If," went on Mrs. Barnett, "American capital lures the Italian from his sunny skies, then care should be taken to insure that he has a home to live in when he comes here. In Britain adequate housing is often furnished by the municipality, but this plan appears to be unsuited to American conditions, and my suggestion for the United States is a series of great housing companies, with subsidiaries in smaller areas. have many such companies in England, which buy up tracts of land, develop them, and then hold the houses for rental, as well as selling them. Το some extent the Sage Foundation has worked out this idea, within eighteen minutes of New York, but only for"-what Mrs. Barnett considered-"the rich."

We

"This segregation of nationalities in the United States is all wrong. Either stop immigration altogether or put an end to the home in a pig-sty. When my American friends come to me and say that if the poor are given baths, they will only use them for coal cellars, I answer that I heard that argument in London exactly fifty years ago. It impressed our great-grandfathers. these objections-that people prefer the crowded city and like taking in lodgers -mean that the conditions of the poor are neither known nor understood. heroes fought for a decent country; and we have no right to neglect home-making.

All

Our

"New York," continued Mrs. Barnett, "is a little too well built to pull down. But the dumb-bell tenements should be

reconstructed and every fifth block turned into a playground for children. We should dare to destroy. The Hindu god Kali-the creator-was also the destroyer. And this applies," she added, with a smile, "to much housing in Chicago." And here Mrs. Barnett gave me a description of sanitary arrangements in that city's tenements, which she emphatically condemned. "We must face the sacrifice," she insisted, "involved in accurate living.

"When I talked to some employers in New York about moving their factories into the country, they raised their hands in amazement. Yet why not? In the case of Lord Leverhulme, our soap magnate, Port Sunlight has been built for the workers, around the factory, as part of the machinery to secure efficient wage-earners, and on the rentals there is an actual loss of £32,000 a year, which the firm meets. In view of the Pullman experiment, where

it was held that the employer-landlord held too much power over his people, I advocate rather the policy pursued at Bourneville, near Birmingham, by the Cadburys, who have instituted a distinct housing corporation, separate from their cocoa business, which corporation owns a town where only forty per cent of the inhabitants are employees.

"In the case of cities like New York, there should be cheap transit run far into the country, so opening up vacant land."

So vigorously has Mrs. Barnett advanced this particular plea that she has been invited several times to return to the United States at an attractive salary in order to work out such schemes. Broadly, the system of capitalization advocated is based on the principle that the interest payable on investment shall be limited to, say, 5 or 6 per cent. When I put to Mrs. Barnett this difficulty, that houses can

be built nowadays only at an inflated price, which may decline, so wiping out all return on capital and possibly more than this, she took up an attitude at

once

courageous and militant. "In war," she argued, "we do not mind spending money; and why should we dislike spending it on a fight to remove dirt and disease and unhappiness?" She was further impressed when I told her how architects, paid on percentages of cost, naturally concentrate their highest skill on large buildings, monuments, and so on, instead of cottages, where one design might be multiplied a thousandfold, without advantage to the professional man responsible.

Mrs. Barnett has returned to Europe full of warm feelings for the United States and Canada. In women of her stamp Americans see the real England, devoted not to advertisement or pleas ure, but to thought and work and social co-operation.

AM a Russian-Pole. Some of my best friends were Jews. So I can give much inside information on these complicated relations.

My heart is equally divided between the three nations. No wonder that I regret the bloody misunderstandings between the Poles, Jews, and Russians.

People who watched the fighting between these nationalities naturally took sides. Many of you condemned the Poles for the pogroms, and-unjustlyconsidered the Poles barbarous for that reason. Many of you wonder why Jews now occupy the highest position in Soviet Russia. How did it happen that they jumped from the "pogromized" nation to the nation of rulers?

Maybe all these questions would become clearer to the international outsiders if they are reminded of a few important historical facts and are given a handful of first-hand observation of the Polish-Jewish-Russian neighborhood life.

I

The cause of pogroms in the imperialistic Russia was always clear for the majority of Russians; we knew that the old Russian Government had to give the oppressed people some outlet for their hatred and indignation. So the Czar's hirelings would organize the good-for-nothing unemployed workersin plain American language, bums-and, after giving them a sufficient spray of vodka, send the drunken army to beat "the enemies of all good Christians." Quite often such an army was led by an Orthodox priest carrying a holy icon. I have personally seen in the pogromfamous city of Odessa a "Little Father" sprinkling axes with holy water. Axes to break people's heads!

BY MARIA MORAVSKY

The great masses of the Russian peasantry had little hostile feeling toward Jews, because they seldom or never saw them. The Jews were not allowed to live in central Russia nor on the Caucasus. The only Hebrews that I saw working in their own fields on the Caucasus were the oldest settlers, the Biblical-looking primitive tribes who came there before any other nation. Other Jews had no right to occupy themselves in agriculture or buy land there.

Being a great lover of the new peasants' poetry, which reflects faithfully and realistically the daily life, troubles, joys, and beliefs of the people, I spent several years gathering the primitive peasants' songs, so-called chastushka. Among the thousands of songs describing every part of peasant life-soldiering, love, work, war-there were only a few songs about the Jews, and I saw very little or no hostility in them. The meanest of these little poems I ever heard says:

I was in a saloon. The old saloonkeeper with side-whiskers did not like me. I kissed his little Jewess, and her father stamped his feet at me. Another song, telling about the national unfriendliness between the two nations, runs:

My sweetheart is a little Jew,

I am conscious to confess it.
My neighbors laugh at me and scorn

me.

But I cannot part with him.

This was the most of the national hatred I could trace in the innumerable peasants' songs.

The hatred against the Jews was artificially cultivated in Russia by those

who needed to turn the people's wrath from its real object. No wonder that our intelligenzia, the most educated part of the Russians, defended the Jews and even idealized them. This idealization of the oppressed went so far that in the last years before the Revolution one could not say a word against the Jews in the society of educated people without being considered a barbarian, a "Jew-eater" and dark reactioner. The typically national faults of the Jews (what nation is without its faults?) were completely overlooked by their idealistic defendants, and the Jews were considered a nation of martyrs, heroes, and pioneers of the Revolution.

After the overthrow of Czarism our society wished to reward the Jews for their sufferings. It was partly due to this desire to atone for former injus tices that the Jews were given so many important positions in the new Govern ment.

II

In Poland the relations were more complicated. There also the originators of the pogroms were mostly Govern ment officials, but I am sorry to say that the common people also let then selves be aroused by the spirit o national hatred. The reasons Were many, historical and economical. Let us not dig deep into history. I W bring a more modern reason I knowthe war treachery.

It was a sad fact-may my Jewish friends forgive me that I state it!-mos of the war spies on the Russian wester front were Jews. I don't blame ther Would you have any feeling of loyalty to a country in which you were con stantly persecuted? The Czar's Russia

was a stepmother to the Jews. Her laws curbed them, her Cossacks beat them, her clergy often helped to kill them. No wonder that the Jewish subjects of the cruel Government betrayed for the sake of money (often under the threat of death) the army of the Czar! After a spy was caught and hanged it resulted in a pogrom as secondary reaction. The population often joined hands with the Cossacks and drunken killing-men in order to punish the "traitors."

Why did the population join? Are the Poles more barbaric than Russians? No; in fact, they are more civilized; their epoch of literacy and baptism began much earlier than the Russian enlightenment. The reason of their inhuman outbursts was purely economic.

From the old times the Jews were : not allowed to live in "Russia's Heart," as central Russia was named. They were exiled to Poland, much against the wish of the Polish population. The involuntary guests aroused the hostility of the Polish citizens by their unusual commercial talents. Being deprived in Russia of the right to higher education, of land-ownership, of occupying any position in the Government or so-called "high society," the Jews naturally drifted into trades and commerce. Driven by necessity, they learned how to exploit exceedingly well the only field left to them. Poles could never keep pace with the shrewd Jewish manufacturers and merchants. Very often Jews were pawnbrokers and money-lenders. In fact, the Jew and the money-lender were synonymous in Poland. There is a Polish proverb: "When in trouble, one goes to a Jew." Polish aristocrats who owned whole

cities would sometimes sublet to the enterprising Jews, not only the homes for rent, but even the churches (Ukrainian ones)! And the superintendents of these churches, also Jews, would charge a certain amount of money for visiting the houses of God. No wonder this aroused general hatred. It is a pity that the hatred was directed against the nearest offenders of the religious feeling; the ignorant masses often even did not know that the churches were rented to the Jews by "genuine Christians," the rich aristocrats.

It is hard for a civilized person to picture such a state of things. However, it actually existed, so history tells us. You can easily conclude what the consequences were. The unbounded religious fanaticism, backed by the economic hatred, born out of exploitationthese were the results of the abnormal life of the Jews in Poland. Of course, if the Jews were given all rights in that country, they would not occupy themselves with such hatred-breeding things as renting Christian churches or lending money on ferocious terms.

The ideas and feelings almost always survive the facts of which they were born. Long after the majority of Polish Jews were reduced to being poor workingmen and small merchants, long after they ceased to have anything in common with exploiting the churches, they were still hated by the ignorant population of Ukrainians and Poles, who ascribed all their misery to the alleged fact that "Jews invaded the country and suck her." The recent pogroms were the consequence of this belief.

I am afraid that it will take years of

good-willed propaganda before the last drop of bitterness dries out from the common cup of the miserable life which Poles and Jews are compelled to share. Not all Jews can migrate from Poland. Not all Poles can live without Jewish industry. Both nations suffer privations; the present time is not well chosen for "taking sides." America ought to help the people of both nationalities, Poles and Jews alike, because they are both unhappy. Then, after you feed them, you may judge them.

I am happy to state that PolishJewish hostility was far from being general. I remember very well how the tender-hearted Christians would lend their Jewish neighbors the sacred images-to save the "unbelievers" from the pogroms. The Jews would exhibit the icons in their windows, and the enraged mob would pass their homes without robbing them. I observed such action many times.

In the circle of acquaintances and friends among whom I spent several years of my life, in the international city of Odessa, I brought away the most sincere conviction that perfect harmony is possible between the Poles, Russians, and Jews. Not once have I heard any unpleasant word concerning my nationality from a Russian nor from a Jew. And I had the opportunity of coming in personal touch with thousands of people, being a journalist, a lecturer, and an organizer. I have traveled all over Russia and Poland. I have lived close to the Jewish, Polish, and Russian masses, and I am happy to state my firm belief that we three nations can overcome completely the dangerous illness of national hatred which we had inherited from the dark and cruel past.

IN THE MACHINE SHOP In truction given at the College of the City of New York

BY JAMES P. MUNROE

VICE-CHAIRMAN, FEDERAL BOARD FOR

VOCATIONAL EDUCATION

NE of the great world spectacles is the Harvard-Yale football game, which last fall gathered 75,000 persons into the Yale Bowl. The mere handling of that audience involves tremendous problems; yet at this moment the Federal Board for Vocational Education is giving, under the Soldier Rehabilitation Act, practical training to almost an equal body of disabled soldiers, sailors, and marines. Moreover, if Congress broadens out the act as the Board has suggested, at least another "Bowlful" will eventually be similarly trained.

In degree of disability those benefiting

MAKING JEWELRY Instruction given at the Institute for Crippled and Disabled Men, New York City

from the law range from the pianist whose little-finger amputation ruined his chosen career to the unfortunate youth with hands and eyes blown away. In capacity the trainees include everything from the ditch-digger, totally illiterate even in his foreign tongue, to the "highbrow" working for a Ph.D. The places of training include about 1,800 public and private schools and colleges, and 8,500 industrial, commercial, and agricultural establishments, while several thousand men, still in hospitals, are having such measure of education as the doctors permit.

Never before was built up in so short a time a training organization of such size. Never before have the directors of any educational project been called upon, not only to provide training, but also to recruit their students, to examine them medically and vocationally, to give each one effective vocational advice, to thresh out workable contracts with hundreds of schools and thousands of employers, to persuade every one of them to adapt the teaching to the special needs of a complex variety of disabled men, to organize a follow-up staff competent to see that those in training are getting what they should, to establish for each trainee a genuine job objective which, after training, will pay him a full and steady wage, to enlist real co-operation from practically every existing social service, to secure medical supervision and care for all trainees needing them, and to make certain that every man of the tens of thousands in training receives twice a month his maintenance pay.

This huge undertaking, before which the responsibilities of the largest universities pale into insignificance, is the practical way in which the Federal Government is endeavoring to make some adequate return to those who risked everything and gave much in the

stupendous conflict with the Central Powers. So overwhelming were the immediate problems of organizing a mammoth fighting force that not until we had been in the World War fourteen months was it possible to devise legislation to provide stimulating rehabilitation rather than mere deadening pensions for disabled ex-service men.

Like all other untried pieces of humanitarian legislation, the Soldier Rehabilitation Law, avowedly tentative and incomplete, had to be made workable through actual experience. During this process of trying out there were inevitable mistakes and delays; aggravated, of course, by misunderstandings, the nerve tension of the war, and the pressing need for haste. By the middle of Jufy, 1919, however, experience had shown the best solutions, the Nation had become fully aroused to the magnitude of the problem, the soldiers themselves had grasped the meaning of the work, and in the year and a half which has since elapsed the Federal Board for Vocational Education has made a phenomenal record.

In that short time the Board has sought out and registered over 280,000 possible trainees, of whom it has found about 85,000 not eligible under the Rehabilitation Law. Each one of those men, however, is entitled, upon asking, to a careful review of his case. Of its "live load" (as of November 1) of 195,000 the Board has ascertained that almost exactly half are entitled to training under Section 2 of the law, which assures not only tuition and educational supplies for the trainee but also generous maintenance for himself and his dependents. It has determined that an additional 72,000 may have, under the law, free tuition and books, but not maintenance; the law restricting the full measure of aid to "every person enlisted, enrolled, drafted, inducted, or

appointed in the military or naval forces of the United States, including members of training camps authorized by law, who, since April 7, 1917, has resigned or has been discharged or furloughed therefrom under honorable conditions, having a disability incurred, increased, or aggravated while a member of such forces, or later developing a disability traceable in the opinion of the Board to service with such forces, and who, in the opinion of the Federal Board for Vocational Education, is in need of Vocational rehabilitation to overcome the handicap of such disability."

This would seem to indicate that the status of only about ten per cent of those registered men is still to be ascertained. But such a remainder is inseparable from a rapidly growing enterprise like this, with thousands of new men coming from hospitals or else i where every week. From July 1 to November 1, 1920, for example, the Board secured the names of 41,000 new men who might be entitled to vocational rehabilitation; yet during that same | period the undetermined cases were re duced by 30,000. This shows that final decisions are being reached upon seven hundred cases every working day.

In every such case there must be determined four essentials preliminary to training: (1) honorable discharge; (2) injury received in or as a consequence of military or naval service; (3) need of training in order to overcome a vocational handicap; and (4) feasibility of training. It is often exceedingly difficult to secure trustworthy data connecting disability with service; thousands of injured men, in their anxiety to get home, swore that they were not disabled, a statement which the Federal Board must now disprove; and in many instances it requires the utmost skill and patience to ascertain, on the one hand, the degree of physical unfitness and, on the other, adaptability for training.

Eligibility having been established, the disabled ex-service man must then be advised, placed in training with a definite objective, and his work supervised. Any one who has had to give vocational guidance to even a single youth can appreciate what the task has been to provide it for tens of thousands with every sort of disability, every type of educational background, and scattered, moreover, over the whole United States.

Of the men eligible under Section 2 of the law, which provides both maintenance and tuition, 60,000 have actually entered training. Of the 38,000 eligibles who have not yet availed themselves of their rights, nearly 10,000 are not yet physically well enough to do so. At least an equal number refuse to believe that training is worth while, despite every argument placed before them by the Board, the Legion, the Veterans of Foreign Wars, and many other agencies. A third large group, including notably the mountain whites and the colored. are suspicious that this proffered op