ODE ON WAR. Hark! the cry of death is ringing Wildly from the reeking plain : Guilty glory, too, is flinging Proudly forth her vaunting strain. Thousands on the field are lying, Slaughtered in the ruthless strife; Wildly mingled, dead and dying Show the waste of human life! Christian can you idly slumber, While this work of hell goes on? Can you calmly sit and number Fellow-beings one by one, On the field of battle falling, Sinking to a bloody grave? Up! the God of peace is callingCalling upon you to save! Listen to the supplications Of the widowed ones of earth; Listen to the cry of nations, Yes! a light is faintly gleaming Through the clouds that hover o'cr; O'er the peaceful earth no more.-Burleigh. 44445 4 4 LESSONS IN GREEK.-No. XXX. DY JOHN R. BEARD, D.D. VERBS PURE, IMPURE, AND LIQUID,-UNCONTRACTED VERBS PURE. THE student has now obtained some general knowledge of the Greek verb. If he has accurately acquired what has been set forth, he is in a condition to construe the simpler forms of the language. Let him make trial as to what he can do, and so test his progress, by putting into English a few verses of the first chapter of the Gospel according to St. John. The Gospel of St. John, chap. i. verse 1—10. 1. Εν αρχή ην ὁ λόγος, και ὁ λογος ην προς τον Θεόν, και Θεος ην ὁ λόγος. 2. Ούτος ην εν αρχή προς τον Θεον. 3. Παντα δι' αυτού εγένετο, και χωρίς αυτού εγενετο ουδε ἐν ὁ γεγονεν. 4. Εν αυτῳ ζωή ην, και ἡ ζωή ην το φως των ανθρώπων. 5. Και το φως εν τη σκοτία φαίνει, και ἡ σκοτια αυτο ου κατελαβεν. 6. Εγένετο ανθρωπος απεσταλμένος παρα Θεου, ονομα αυτῳ Ιωαννης. 7. Ούτος ήλθεν εις μαρτυρίαν, ίνα μαρτυρηση περι του φωτος, ένα παντες πιστεύσωσι δι' αυτού. 8. Ουκ ην εκείνος το φως, αλλ' ίνα μαρτυρήση περί του φωτος. 9. Ην το φως το αληθινον, ὁ φωτίζει παντα ανθρωπον ερχόμενον εις τον κοσμον. 10. Εν τῷ κόσμῳ ην, καὶ ὁ κόσμος δι' αυτου εγενετο, και ὁ κόσμος αυτόν ουκ έγνω. I will now go over the verses separately, and give aid when I think you may justifiably need aid. Verse 1. IIere you can have no difficulty. Verse 2. Nor here. · Verse 3. Here εyEvero may require explanation, though you have previously had the word; eyevero, (it, he, or she became; here all things,' a neuter plural with a verb in the singular, according to rule,) they were, or they became, they were produced, the second Aorist (like EXTETO) indicative, third person singular, from yiyvoμai, I become, I pass from one state into another. Verse 4. Here again all must be clear to you except perhaps ζωη, ης, ή, life. Verse 5. okоria, aç, ǹ, darkness: paivw, I show, I shine, generally in the classics used transitively; paveraι, it appears. Kartλaßev; here you have an opportunity of putting your acquirements into practice; look at the word; you recognise Kar as a shortened form of Kara, down, the a being elided before the following ; you know to be the syllabic augment; take it away, and you have λaßer to account for; v you recognise as v ephelkusticon, or they that is placed at the end of a word for the sake of sound; so that removing you have left λαβε; compare λαβε with λιπε, you see some esem blance, and are hence led to think that λaße is a second Aorist; it is indeed the third person singular of the second Aorist, indicative, active, of the verb λaμßavw (e-λaß ov), I take; compounded with rara, the verb signifies I take hold of, I apprehend, I am aware of, I recognise. Verse 6. ажεσтaλuevos you at once see is a participle of the middle voice; cut off the participial termination μevos, and you have amoral. You also know that ar is the preposition amo, from; what then is oral? the form is the tense, stem of the Perfect passive or middle of the verb σrελλw, I send, which is the root of the term- aroσroλos, an apostle; arEσTaλμEvoc therefore signifies sent. Verse 7. noev, came, is the second Aorist, third person singular, indicative, active, of the irregular verb ερχομαι, I come: μαρτυρία, ας, ή, a testimony, from μαρτυρ, υρος, ό, a witness (hence our martyr), and μαρτυρ is the root of the verb μαρτυρεω, I bear witness; the form in the text, namely μaprvpnoy, is the third person singular, first Aorist, subjunctive: LOTEVOWOL, (root TISTIC, Ewc, n, faith), the third person plural, first Aorist, subjunctive, from wiσTEUW, I believe. Verse 8. Can now present no obstacle. Verse 9. pwrite (root pws, wros, ro, light), the third person singular, indicative mood, Present tense, of the transitive verb φωτίζω, I throno light on, I enlighten. Ερχομενον you will surely recognise as the participle present of the verb εpxoμaι explained in verse 7. Verse 10. Eyvw do you not recognise this as pretty nearly an English word? It is our word know; the is the syllabic augment; yvw is the root of the verb, and yvw is the third person singular of the second Aorist, indicative, active, he knew; "the world knew him not." You will, I hope, derive from this pause in our course, not only information but encouragement also, and so be prepared to encounter manfully "hard things" that are yet before you. While you are passing through these, you will do well to make constant efforts to read the Greek New Testament, in the first place continuing the study of the fourth Gospel. Τou cannot too soon habituate yourself to rely on your own resources, and with the general impression which you doubtless have in your mind of the contents of the New Testament, you will, if you labour hard and long, be able, even without a dictionary, to make out for yourself much of the Greek origi nal. Be not, however, content with merely putting the Greek words into English, but give special attention to the grammatical conditions and relations of all the words and sentences you attempt to understand. I have already given you some general instructions respecting the formation of the tenses of the Greek verb. I must now ask you to accompany me while I speak in detail on the point. Formation of Tenses of Verbs in w. The verbs in are divided into two classes, according to their characteristics, that is, the nature of the letter immediately preceding the of the first person singular. These classes are, 1. Pure Verbs, whose characteristic is a vowel. Pure verl s are divided into two divisions : the Uncontracted, whose characteristic is any vowel except a, e, o, as λv-w, I loose, Bovλev-w, I advise. b. the Contracted, whose characteristic is either a ore or again o, as τιμα-ω, I honour, φιλε-ω, I love, μισθο-ω, Ι let for hire. 2. Impure Verbs, whose characteristic is a consonant. pure verbs are divided into two divisions: Im a Mute verbs, namely, π, K, T, ẞ, y, d, ø, x, 0, whose characteristic is one of the nine mutes, as Aπ-w, I leave, Tλεк-w, I weave, жɛɩ0-∞, I persuade. 3. Liquid verbs, whose characteristic is one of the liquids, namely, λ, μ, ν, ρ ; as αγγελλ-ω, I announce, νεμ·ω, 1 divide, φαιν-ω, I short, φθειο ω, I corrupt. Formation of the Tenses of the Verbs Pure. In Pure Verbs, the contracted as well as the uncontracted, the tense-ending in general connects itself with the unchanged characteristic; as λv- Av-ow, deλu.Ka. Pure verbs form no second, but only first tenses: the Perfect they form with ɛ (xα), the Future and the Aorist with o and θ (σω, σα, θην, θησομαι). The pure verbs, however, are subject to this regular change: The short vowel of the Present and the Imperfect, in uncontracted as well as contracted verbs, is lengthened in the other tenses. We speak first of Present, κωλύομαι, impf. ε-κωλύ-ομην, -ύ. Future, κωλύ-σομαι, aor. ε-κωλύσαμην, -. Οτε οἱ βαρβαροι, etc. Assistance may sometimes be ob. tained towards understanding and construing a sentence by Perfect, κε-κωλύομαι, perf. fut. κε-κωλύ-σομαι, plpf. ε-κε- simplifying the arrangement, that is, by bringing the arrange κωλύ-μην, —ῦ. Contrary to the rule, several pure verbs retain the short characteristic vowel either in all the tenses or in some of them. These verbs take a σ in the Perfect and Pluperfect middle or passive, as well as in the first Aorist and Future passive, also in their verbal adjectives: this fact is indicated thus, pass. with σ ; accordingly, χρίω, I sting, f. χρίσω, 2. εχρίσα, inf. χρῖσαι; pass. with σ ; but, χρίω, I rub, anoint, f. χρίσω, a. εχρίσα, inf. χρίσαι, a. m. ἐχρῖσαμην; p. m. or p. κεχρίσμαι, inf. κεχρῖσθαι; a. 1. εχρίσθην, v. a. χριστος. ανύω, I complete, f. ανύσω, a. ηνύσα, inf. ανύσαι, pass. with σ. αρύω, I draw, f. αρύσω, α. ηρύσα, ηρύσαμην, pass. with σ. μυω, I close (e. g. the eyes), f. μύσω, a. εμύσα, p. μεμύκα, Ι αν closed, I am silent. πτύω, I spit, ε. πτύσω, a. επτύσα, pass. with σ. δνω, I enter, θυω, I sacrifice, λύω, I loose, Fut. Aor. δύσω εδύσα θύσω εθύσα λύσω ελύσα The following dissyllable verbs in δω lengthen the characteristic vowel in the Future active and middle, the third Future, and the Aorist active and middle; and δνω also in the Perfect and Piuperfect active; but in the Perfect and Pluperfect active (except δυω) and middle (or passive), and in the Aorist and Future passive, resume the short vowel : thus, Perf. dor. pass, δεδυκα, δεδύμαι εδόθην τεθύκα, τεθῦμαι ετύθην λελύκα, λελύμαι ελύθην The pure verbs which retain the short characteristic vowel in the tenses, interpose - before the tense-endings θην, μαι, etc. in the first Aorist and first Future passive, and in the Perfect and Pluperfect middle or passive, as well as in the verbal adjective. This peculiarity is observed by several other verbs, which either have a long vowel in the root, or lengthen in the tenses a short vowel in the root; as, akovw, I hear, ενανω, I set on fire, θραυω, I break in pieces, κρούω, I dash, ψαύω, I touch, σειω, I shake, κελεύω, I command, λευω, I stone, κλείω, I shut, πταίω, I knock against, χριω, I smear. Have I cause to cease, has the Perfect middle or passive πεπαυμαι, but Aorist passive επαυσθην. Κελεύω, I order, command Perfect Middle or Passive, Imperative. κε κελευσου κε-κελευ-σθω κεκελευ-σθον και κελευ- σθων κε-κελευσθε κε κελευ-σθωσαν Plural. ε-κε-κελευ σ-μεθα ε-κε-κελευσθε ε κε-κελευ-σ-μενοι ησαν Fut. pass. κελευ-σ-θησομαι. | ment nearer to the English. I advise the student to make the experiment. When he has got his new arrangement, he may put the corresponding English, word for word, under the Greek; and having studied the whole thus prepared, finally put the English terms into good or idiomatic English; e. g. ότε βαρβαροι έφευγον δρομῳ, The barbarians fled in running, when they became aware of ᾔσθανοντο κεκρουσμένων προς τα δορατα ύπο των των ασπίδων the shields having been dashed on the spears by the ̔Ελλήνων. Greeks, Οἱ That is, the barbarians took to flight when they heard the Greeks dash their shields against their spears. Mark the quantities, short or long, of the vowels in your Greek renderings of the English-Greek Exercise, agreeably to the statements just now made. EXERCISES.-GREEK-ENGLISII. Οἱ στρατιώται προς τους πολεμίους πορεύεσθαι εκελευσθησαν. Σπαρτη ποτε ύπο σεισμου δεινως εσεισθη. Η των Περσών δυναμις ύπο των Ελληνων τεθραυσται. Οἱ πολεμιοι εις την ακραν κατεκλείσθησαν. Οτε οἱ βάρβαροι των ασπίδων προς τα δορατα ύπο των Ελληνων κεκρουσμένων ᾔσθανοντο, δρομῳ εφευγον. Ο πόλεμος κατεπαυσθη. Ελπίζομεν παντα εν ανύσειν. Ειθε παντα καλως ανύσαιμι. Η συνθήκη ύπο των βαρβαρων λελυται. ENGLISH-GREEK. The soldiers have been commanded to go against the enemy. Our city has been broken by an earthquake. That city will be broken by an earthquake. The city is shaken (Present) by an earthquake. The power of the Persians was broken by the Greeks. The enemy (plural) has been shut up in the citadel. The shields were struck against the spears by the enemy. The war has been made to cease (terminated). The war will have been terminated. May we complete all things well! (opt. Aor.) To command (4or.) is easier than to complete (dor.). The treaty will be broken by the enemy: thou hast been commanded; he had been commanded; I have enclosed; they have enclosed; thou hast sacrificed; I shall finish; to sting; to anoint; the bull has been sacrificed; they will have been commanded. στρατία, ας, ή, an army. στρατιάρχης, ου, o, a leader of an army (αρχος, a leader). στρατιος, 2 and 3. relating to an army. στρατιώτης, ου, ό, a soldier. στρατιωτικός, 3. (that is, of three terminations), relating to a soldier. στρατιωτις, ιδος, ή, a ship for transporting soldiers, a transport ship. στρατούμαι, I encamp, I am in camp. στρατοπεδον, ου, τo, a camp, an army in camp, an army. | στρατευμα, ατος, το, an army. στρατευσειω, I desire an army, an expedition. στρατευσις, εως, ή, army-ser vice. στρατεύω, more common στρα τευομαι, I serve in the army. στρατηγεω (αγω, I lead), I lead an army, I am a general. στρατηγία, ας, ή, the office of a general. στρατηγικός, 3. relating to s general's office. στρατηγός, ου, o, a general, LESSONS IN READING AND ELOCUTION. ANALYSIS OF THE VOICE. III.-DISTINCT ARTICULATION. "CORRECT articulation is the most important exercise of the voice and of the organs of speech. A reader or speaker, possessed of only a moderate voice, if he articulate correctly, will be better understood, and heard with greater pleasure, than one who vociferates. The voice of the latter may, indeed, extend to a considerable distance; but the sound is dissipated in confusion of the former voice not the smallest vibration is wasted-every sound is perceived at the utmost distance to which it reaches; and hence it even penetrates farther than one which is loud, but badly articulated. In just articulation, the words are not hurried over, nor precipitated syllable over syllable; nor, as it were, melted together into a mass of confusion; they are neither abridged nor prolonged; nor swallowed, nor forced, and, if I may so express myself, shot from the mouth; they are not trailed nor drawled, nor let slip out carelessly, so as to drop unfinished. They are delivered out from the lips, as beautiful coins newly issued from the mint, deeply and accurately impressed, perfectly finished, neatly struck by the proper organs, distinct, sharp, in due succession, and of due weight."* This department of correct reading belongs, properly, to the stage of elementary lessons. But negligence in general habit, and remissness in early practice, are extensively the causes of an imperfect articulation. A page or a paragraph of every reading lesson should, previous to the regular exercise, be read backward, for the purpose of arresting the attention, and securing every sound in every word. always receive its due share of seasonable attention, many errors in pronunciation are apt to occur in the exercise of reading, as performed by even the advanced classes in schools. To avoid such errors, it will be found useful to discuss, closely and minutely, the correct pronunciation of every word which in any lesson is liable to be mispronounced. The standard of reference ought to be Walker's Dictionary, or the same work improved by Smart. V.-TRUE TIME. By true time in elocution is meant an utterance well-proportioned in sound and pause, and neither too fast nor too slow. We should never read so fast as to render our reading indistinct, nor so slow as to impair the vivacity, or prevent the full effect, of what is read. "Everything tender or solemn, plaintive or grave, should be read with great moderation. Everything humorous or sprightly, everything witty or amusing, should be read in a brisk and lively manner. Narration should be generally equable and flowing; vehemence, firm and accelerated; anger and joy rapid; whereas dignity, authority, sublimity, reverence, and awe, should, along with deeper tone, assume a slower movement. The movement should, in every instance, be adapted to the sense, and free from all hurry on the one hand, or drawling on the other." The pausing, too, should be carefully proportioned to the movement or rate of the voice; and no change of movement from slow to fast, or the reverse, should take place in any clause, unless a change of emotion is implied in the language of the piece. The 'slowest' and the quickest' rates of utterance have been exemplified under the head of' versatility' of voice, and need not be repeated here. They occur in the extremes of grave and gay emotion. The design of the present Lesson does not admit of detail in the department of elocution now under consideration. The importance, however, of a perfectly distinct enunciation can never be impressed too deeply on the mind of the student. An There are three important applications of 'time' in conexact articulation is more conducive than any degree of loud-nexion with 'rate,' or 'movement,' which frequently occur ness, to facility of hearing and understanding. Young readers in the common forms of reading and speaking. These are the should be accustomed to pronounce every word, every syllable, slow,' the moderate,' and the 'lively.' The first of these, and every letter, with accuracy, although without laboured the 'slow,' is exhibited in the tones of awe, reverence, and solem effort. The faults of skipping, slighting, mumbling, swallow-nity, when these emotions are not so deep as to require the ing, or drawling the sounds of vowels or of consonants, are not only offensive to the ear, but subversive of meaning, as may be perceived in the practice of several of the following examples. 1. "That lasts till night: that last still night." slowest movement of all: the second, the moderate, belongs to grave and serious expression, when not so deep as to require the 'slow' movement; it belongs, also, to all unempassioned communication, addressed to the understanding more than to the feelings; and it is exemplified in the utterance of moderate, subdued, and chastened emotion: the third rate, the 'lively,' is ising all animated, cheerful, and gay expression. 2. "He can debate on either side of the question: he can perhaps sufficiently indicated by its designation, as characterdebate on neither side of the question." 3. "The steadfast stranger in the forests strayed." 4. "Who ever imagined such an ocean to exist?-Who ever be exemplified perfectly and at once. 5. "His cry moved me: his crime moved me." 8. 9. "Heaven's first star alike IV.-CORRECT PRONUNCIATION. That pronunciation is correct which is sanctioned by good usage, or custom. Good usage implies the habit of persons of good education, as regulated by the decisions of learning and taste, exemplified in standard dictionaries,-a style which is equally free from the errors of uneducated or negligent custom, and the caprices of pedantry,-which falls in with the current of cultivated mind, and does not deviate into peculiarities, on the mere authority of individuals. Good taste in pronunciation, while it allows perfect freedom of choice, as to the mode of pronouncing words liable to variation in sound or accent, requires a compliance with every fixed point of sanctioned usage. The subject of pronunciation, like the preceding one,articulation, belongs properly to the department of elementary instruction. But as this branch of elocution does not Austin's "Chironomia," pp. 87, 38. All the exercises on time,' should be repeated till they can Previous to practising the following exercises, the student will be aided in forming distinct and well-defined ideas of time,' by turning back to the example under 'versatility,' marked as very slow,' and repeating it, with close attention to its extreme slowness. He will observe that, in the repeating of this example, the effect of time,' or proportion of movement, is to cause a remarkable lengthening out of the sound of every accented vowel; an extreme slowness in the succession of the sounds of all letters, syllables and words: and along with all this, an unusual length in all the pauses. It is this adjustment of single and successive sounds and their intermissions, which properly constitutes the office of 'time' in elocution: although the term is often indefinitely used rather as synonymous with the word movement,' as applied in music. The slow movement differs from the 'slowest,' in not possessing the same extreme prolongation of sound in single vowels, or the same length of pause. The slow succession of sounds is, however, a common characteristic in both. Example of Slow' Movement. O Thou, whose word from solid darkness struck 'Moderate.' "There is something nobly simple and pure in a taste for the cultivation of forest trees. It argues, I think, a sweet and generous nature, to have a strong relish for the beauties of vegetation, and a friendship for the hardy and glorious sons of the forest. There is a grandeur of thought connected with this part of rural economy. It is worthy of liberal, and freeborn, and aspiring men. He who plants an oak looks forward to future ages, and plants for posterity. Nothing can be less selfish than this. He cannot expect to sit in its shade, and enjoy its shelter; but he exults in the idea that the acorn which he has buried in the earth shall grow up into a lofty pile, and shall keep on flourishing, and increasing, and benefiting mankind, long after he shall have ceased to tread his paternal fields." 'Lively.' "How does the water come down at Lodore? It hastens along, conflicting and strong, Its caverns and rocks among,- With endless rebound." ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS. N. S. (Norwich); 1, Can't tell; 2, Yes; 3, Webster's Johnson; 4, Can't tell.-SOCIUS (Liverpool): Mizraim is the Hebrew word for Egyptian.-| J. P. (Edinburgh): No.-A. JOHNSTON (Elton): Lyell's "Elements of Geology is the best book for beginners.-T. L. DOUGLAS (Glasgow): As soon as possible.-W. H. E. (Mutual Improvement Society, Plymouth): Womanly is applied to a female, and means like a woman; womanish is applied to a male, and means like a woman in a bad sense, that is, as weak and silly as some women are; effeminate is applied to a male, and mean, possessing soft and delicate habits and dispositions like some women do, and something even lower than this. As to the cause of earthquakes, read the Lessons on Geology in the P. E. T. PENMAN (Durham): The answers to all the questions in "Cassell's Algebra" are given in that work. Is there need for more of a Key than this? The "Key to Cassell's Arithmetic," price 3d., contains only the answers to the questions; because it was considered that every question in arithmetic can and ought to be worked in two different ways, as a proof of its accuracy.-LODOVIGO BIOLETTI (Brighton): We really cannot afford time to answer his questions, neither can we answer them all without a great deal of trouble.-EDWARD B.: We have not the references at hand to answer his queries; he should go to the library of the British Museum, where we should go, if we had time.--MOSSLEY MECHANIC'S INSTITUTION: The answer to the Four Ball Question is right.-D. LEACH (Lower Darwen) wishes to be informed if there be a treatise on the manufacture of cotton.-J. K. (Lancaster): Correct; will be noticed again.-T. K. B.: Received and under consideration.-W. COTCHIEFER (Doncaster) and AUG. J. VERINI: Ditto.-W. BECK (Dalston), J. H. COLLINS (Castletown, 1. of Man) NAUTUS (Tipperton), and H. B. (Aldersgate-street): Received. GAMMA (Liverpool): The first y in ayyeλos, according to the rules of Greek pronunciation, has a sound intermediate between and, like the English syllables ing, ang, ung; hence areλos is pronounced ANGELOS, not anje. los.-S. A. and J. O. HEY will see, by our solution inserted in No. 106, that they are wrong.-CRAYON (Warrington): We are much pleased with his letter, and will do what we can to forward his views.-A PUPIL (Upton): We don't know any nouns or pronouns that stand absolutely in any sentence. "He is the best proverb-maker of them all, he only accepted," is neither sense nor English, and him makes it worse. The word his-self, ought certainly to be hiss-ed. MUSIC: W. H. PARIS: You will do well with your Concertina. Leave alone the Monochord for the present. Learn as soon as possible to strike the chord (DOH ME, SOH) of any key, and then only use an instrument to pitch the key-note-ARCH. BEAUMAN: Your Metronome Table is quite right. The cheapest "classical music" we know of is published by Mr. Hamil on, music publisher, Glasgow. Write to him, and he will send you his catalogue free by post-GLENTYNE should study Hamilton's "Catechism of Counterpoint, Melody, and Composition," 2s, and the chapter on Melody in the "Grammar of Vocal Music," 28. 6d. (Ward and Co.) The different portions of every musical composition should have a certain unity, as to rythmical arrangements, melodial responses, and harmonic relationships. In the same way, every good picture must have its proportion of parts, balance of colours, and unity of meaning. MARY ANNE (Reading): You are improving; there are only seven errors in spelling this time. Had Cupid any thing to do with them? Your letters are very grammatical, and well written in other respects. You should study our Lessons in Reading and Elocution; they treat of Punctuation. racter by their hand-writing, but we think, from your penmanship, that you We do not pretend to be great adepts in the art of determining people's chamust be quick and lively, and rather intelligent. We are sorry that by expressing our opinion respecting the journal, we have deprived you of any which is the same price, would be an excellent substitute for it. As to reasonable diversion; but Mr. Cassell's "Illustrated Family Paper," u ing palladium, we have such good teeth ourselves that we hope never to require it; but we think the use of it contrary to nature. A life of monotony is better than one of wickedness. As to etiquette, we shall give our good true Christian is the only gentleman. Pronounce Danube, Dán youb. 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