3. The fossil remains of the Lias, such as the Ammonite, the Belemnite, the Nautilus, and others, show that its beds were formed in the depths of the ocean.

This is true of the Lias considered as an entire group; yet some beds of this formation, especially in the lower series, have indications of having been in the estuary of a river, or at least in a district within the influence of a river. At a place

din France, but not yet described.

ended in av and ev, resume the av and the ev in the Aorist and Future, and partly in the Perfect also: caw, I burn, fut. Kavow, aor. Eкavoa, perf. KEкavкα, perf. mid. or pass. κεκαυμαι, aor. pass. εκαύθην, fut. pass. καυθήσομαι. κλαίω, I weep, fut. κλαυσομαι οι κλαυσοῦμαι, aor. 1. εκλαυσα. Oew, I run, fut. Qevoopai or Oevoouua; the other tenses are wanting; see rрεXш.

1 sim, fut. νευσομαι οι νευσοῦμαι, aor. ενευσα, perf. πλεω, I sail, fut. πλευσομαι, commonly πλευσοῦμαι, aor. επλευσα, perf. TETAεUкa, peri. mid. or pass. TETλevoμaι, aor. pass. επλευσθην.

VEw, I breathe, blow, fut. TVεvooμаι or Vevoоvμaι, aor. επνευσα, perf. πεπνευκα, perf. mid. or pass. πεπνευσμα», aor. pass. επνευσθην.

Remark that ῥέω, I flow, has fut, ῥύησομαι, aor. ερρύην, perf. Eppuпka. Also Xew, I pour out, deviates from the foregoing; fut. xew, aor. Exea, perf. KEXUкa, fut. mid. xeoμaι, aor. mid. exɛaunv; perf. mid. or pass. Kexuμai, aor. pass. Exony, fut. pass. xv0noopai.

The following Verbs, in addition to the Common Future in couat, have a form in oouua; this circumflexed Future is called the Doric.

pevy-w, I flee, fut. pevcoupaι, also pevkoμai. Tai-w, I play, fut. raižovai, also raižoμai. πιπ-τω, I fall, fut. πεσοῦμαι.

See the verbs, κλαίω, πλέω, πνέω, νεω, and θεω, just spoken of. The following pure and impure verbs, which, by the assumption of an e as characteristic, pass into the analogy of pure verbs in their transformations, have independent forms for the subjunctive Perfect, and optative-Pluperfect, middle or passive. κτα-ομαι, I acquire; perf. κεκτημαι, I possess ; subj. κεκτῶμαι, ᾖ, ῆται; plupt, εκεκτημην, I possessed, opt. κεκτῳμην, το, στο οι κεκτημην, κεκτρο, κεκτητο.

μμпoк (MNA), I remember; the forms will be given shortly. Kalew, I name, perf. KERλnuai, I am called, I bear the name; plupf. εκείνη την, opt. κεκλημην, το, ἔτο.

SYNCOPE AND METATHESIS.

Some verbs, in some of their forms, throw out the stemVowel, which stands between two consonants. This ejection is termed Syncope: thus eyeipw, I awake, transitively (the Aorist

VOCABULARY.

Exẞaivo, I go out, turn out, that is, prove or become. Evμẞaivw, I go with, go together; ovpßaive, it happens. ATEλavvw, I drive away. Ežeλavvw, I drive out. Exπivw, I drink out, I drink

up. Συμπίνω, together. ATоTIVW, I atone for, pay for, revenge.

Ι drink with,

Epikveoμal, (with gen.) I attain to something. MeOuw, I get intoxicated, I drink μev (that is, wine not mixed with water).

| Evdaiμovew, I am happy. Σxaprη, ns, i, Sparta. Πολυτέλεια, ας, ή, costliness, splendour.

Λυκούργος, ον, ὁ, Lycurgus. Taλapos, ov, ò a little basket. 'Iμariov, ov. To, a garment. Ακρος, α, ον, very high; το akpov, the height, summit. Νημα, ατος, το, that which has been spun, a thread or yarn. Fɛ, an enclitic, a strengthening particle, ipse; it affirms what has gone before, and adds something more. Ourol, certainly not.

REMARKS, ETC.

Why is συνεβεβήκει, in the singular number? What is its tense, mood, and person? What is there peculiar in its root Baw? Give the person, tense, mood, and root of exßnoy. Explain the form απελήλαται; also πεπωκέναι. know any word like its theme?

Do you

What part of the Verb is εκπιομαι? εplaσav pуYOVTEC, anticipated flying, that is, outstripped them in Aight, got before them in flight, in this sense plavo, as here, takes a participle after it. This is the sense in which St. Paul's words (1 Thess. iv. 15.) "shall not prevent them which are asleep," (prevent from the Lat. præ, before, and venio, I come, go,) shall not be (or go up to heaven) before, ov μn 0ασwμεY TOνS κοιμηθέντας.

ENGLISH-GREEK.

The

The woman wore beautiful garments. The woman will wear beautiful garments. The friends promised to come. baskets are full of yarn. The dogs will bite the biter. The general got into the city before his foes. The gods punish evil-doers. O gods, punish evil-doers. O that Apollo would punish that evil-doer. Many friends drank together. Friends drinking together become enemies. Many evils happened to my children as they came (coming) hither. The citizens are not excluded from honours.

HISTORICAL ANECDOTES.

|

participle formed? What is the Present? How is the Present strengthened?

Einpora, having received, that he had received, the participle is required after αισθόμενος; whence is ειληφοτα ?

Αιχμαλωτος, ου, ὁ a captive; explain the derivation of γεγοVOTOS, who had become; what participle? whence? explain the formation. Euoi, literally to me; this is called the dativus ethicus, or the dative of feeling, as it means more than it expresses; here, "if you will listen to me, sell your shield and buy a ship :" whence arodos and рiw? what are the parts?

Καταζησαις, you may pass your days, (κατα and ζαω). What part of the verb is it ?

'Oμows, as you have done.

Κατηγόρεω (κατα and αγορεύω), with gen. of the person, accusing or having accused. To the Spartans who accused the Thebans of many serious misdeeds, Epaminondas said, "Yes," truly they made you give up your brevity of speech; βραχυλογοῦντας, the participle after επαυσαν. Epaminondas thus reproachfully alluded to the well-known conciseness (Laconism) observed by the Lacedæmonians in their speech, and at the same time intimated that the Thebans had taken from them the sovereignty (nyeμovia) of Greece. Explain the formation of βραχυλογοῦντας. Whence What part part of the verb? What does the middle voice signify?

comes επαυσαν

Пoλλa kaι μɛyaλa, literally, many and great: we say many great things.

LESSONS IN ITALIAN GRAMMAR.-No. XXVII. By CHARLES TAUSENAU, M.D.,

Of the University of Pavia, and Professor of the Italian and German
Languages at the Kensington Proprietary Grammar School.

EXERCISES.-ENGLISH-ITALIAN.
I.

PLEASANT Words are suspicious in the mouth of a haughty man. Who has been here? The brothers of the young merchant have been here to see whether you were at home. They asked where you were. I said that you are in the theatre. Where have they been ? They have been a long time in the country They never were discourteous, for this reason they were honoured and esteemed by all. When were thy parents with thy uncle Last Monday, they had gone there before sunset. I should have gone there with them if I had not been ill. Live (ye) as though you were old, that you may not repent of having been young. Be kind, but be not too credulous and incautious, or else thou wilt be deceived. They say that the courier has already returned from Paris, but I doubt it, unless the weather has been favourable. Everybody would be wise, if follies committed could always be remedied. It is easy indeed to say: "I am contented;" but it is difficult to be so.

Sweet, pleasant, dol-ce
Word, wa-ró-la

In the mouth, in bóc-ca
Haughty man, su-pêr-bo
Who, chi
Here, qui
Merchant, mer-can-te
Terre
Whether, s
At home, in cd-sa

VOCABULARY.

Where, dó-ve
I said, dis-si
Theatre, ted-tro

Α long time, un pez-zo
Country, cam-pá-gna
Never, má-i
Discourteous, in-ci-vi-le
For this reason, per-ciò
Honoured, o-no-rd-to

¡Esteemed, sti-má-to
All, tút-to
When, quan-do
Parents, ge-ni-tó-ri
Monday, lu-ne-di
Last, scór-so

There, vi

Gone, ar-ri-vá-to (with essere) Before, a-van-ti

Sunset, il tra-mon-tár del só-le

Gone, an-da-to (with essere)
With them, con ló-ro

Ill, am-ma-la-to

Live, vi-vé-te

As though, có- mẹ sẽ
Old, vêc-chic

That you may not repent, af

fi-ne di non pen-tír-vi má-i Young, gió-va-ne

Kind, u-md-no

Paris, Pa-ri-gi

But, pe-rò

Doubt, du-bi-to'

It, ne

II.

Easy indeed, bên fá-ci-le
To say, il di-re
Contented, con-tên-to
Difficult to, dif-fi-ci-le di.

Hast thou my penknife? No, I have it not. Thy sister had it just now. Thou art right and he is wrong. What was the matter with your brother? He was in a bad humour. That is true, he had the toothache, and his sisters had the headache; they had danced too much. The Count had much money, and now he is poor. Why is he no longer rich? Because he was not economical. Thou wilt have fine weather to-morrow for thy journey. I do not think so, we shall probably have a thunder storm. I shall have a new travelling dress, the tailor will bring it me to-morrow. Be patient and thou wilt have all that thou wishest. Be (ye) regular in your affairs and you will have greater satisfaction. Many have indeed too much, still nobody believes he has enough. It appears to me that thou hast no perseverance in thy good intentions. Some will maintain that he has not the necessary knowledge. I doubt whether he has had what he says. To obtain this, it will be necessary that you have good friends. If he had good books, he would have the means to employ himself in an agreeable manner. If you had more courage and precaution, you would have a better lot. If thou hadst not had good recommendations, thou wouldst not have had the advantage of obtaining the desired place so soon.

Penknife, tem-pe-ri-no No, no

It, lo (before the verb)

VOCABULARY.

Just now, poc' án-zi (or pô-co pri-ma)

Right, ra-gió-ne (aver ragione, to be right) Wrong, tor-to (aver torto, to be wrong) What, che cô sa In, di

Bad humour, cat-ti-vo u-mó-re
True, vé-ro

Toothache, do-lór di dên-ti
Headache, mal di tê-sta
Danced, bal-la-to

Too much, trop-po

Count, cón-te

Now, a-dês-so (or ó-ra)
Poor, pô-ve-ro

Why because, per-chè
No longer, non più (putting
non before the verb and
più after it)

Rich, ric-co
Economical, e-cô-no-mo
Fine weather, bêl têm-po
For, in

Journey, vidg-gio

I do not think so, nol cré-do

Probably, pro-ba-bil-mén-te
Thunderstorm, tem-po-rá-le
New, nuô-to

Travelling-dress,

a-b-to da

viág-gio

Tailor, sar-tó-re (or sár-to)

III.

Better lot, sor-te mi-glis-re, f. Recommendation, rac-co-man.

da-zió-ne Advantage, van-tág-gio So soon, co-si pré-sto Desired place, im-piê-go (or pó-sto) de-si-de-rá-to.

There are moments when one must listen more to courage than to prudence. There are few heroes who maintain their character up to their old age. There is no felicity which is not liable to the attacks of envy. Five leagues from Marseilles there are high mountains which, for the greatest part, are covered with pines. There are statues which one would not give away for a hundred thousand dollars, and an infinite number of wretched men one would sell for very little. There is no means of convincing an obstinate blockhead. There will always be men who will oppose evident truths; how many of them are there not now-a-days! There was once a philosopher who maintained that there is no greater good than a sound mind in a sound body. Hugens maintains that there are inhabitants in the moon. Are there fine environs and beautiful prospects here? There are many who think that the Italian language can be learnt in three months comfortably; and these same persons, after a study of six months, cannot even say: "I have written just now-It has struck ten o'clock just now-I should much like to know accurately, etc."

VOCABULARY.

Moment, mo-mén-to (or i-stánte)

When one must listen more, dó-ve si dê-e più a-scol-tá-re (accus.)

Courage, co-rág-gio
Than, che

Prudence, pru-dên-za
Few, pô-co (pl. pô-ch)
Hero, e-rô-e

| Obstinate, o-sti-ná-to (or testár-do) Men, per-só-ne

Will oppose, si op-pón-go-no
(dat.)
Truth, ve-ri-tà

Evident, e-vi-dên-te
How many, quân ti
Now-a-days, al di ďôg-gi
Once, ú-na vól-ta

Philosopher, sá-vio (or fi-lôso-fo)

Maintained, so-ste-né-va
Greater good, mi-gliór bê-ne
Mind, mén-te, f.

Sound, sá-no,—a

No, non (before vi or c and Body, côr-po

Hugens, U-gé-nio

Maintains, so-stie-ne

Moon, lu-na

Which is not liable, che non Inhabitant, a-bi-tan-te

the verb)

Felicity, fe-li-ci-tà

sog-giác-của

Attack, mor-so

Envy, in-vi-dia
Five, cin-que
League, lé-ga
Marseilles, Mar-sí-glia
High mountain, al-ta mon-tá-

gna

For the greatest part, per la
mag-giór pár-te
Covered with, co-pêr-to di
Pine, pí-no
Statue, stá-tua
One, si

ste-né-re

Necessary knowledge, ne-ces

sá-ria co-gni-zió-ne

I doubt, du-bi-to

What, ciò che

He says, di-ce

To obtain this, a ciò con-seguí-re

It will be necessary, con-ver-rà Means, méz-zo

Hundred thousand, mi-la

Dollar, scu-do

cên-to

Infinite number, in-fi-ni-tà
Wretched man, mi-se-rêl-lo
Would sell, ven-de-réb-be-ro
Very little, po-chís-si-mo
No, non
Means, mêz-zo

Convince, per-sua-dé-re
Blockhead, stól-to (or scióc-co)

Here, qui

Fine environs, con-tór-no a-mêno (pl.)

Prospect, ve-du-ta (or pún-to di
ví-sta)
Think, pên-sa-no
Can, si pós-sa

Comfortably, co-mo-da-mén-te
Be learnt, im-pa-rá-re
Three, tre

Same person, me-dé-si-mo
After, dó-po

A study of six months, sê-i mé-si di stu-dio

Cannot even, non sán-no nep· ·
pú-re
Say, di-re
Written, scrit-to

Just now, poc' án-zı

It has struck, só-no suo-ná-te
Ten o'clock, le die-ci

Just now, in qué-sto pún-to
I should much like to know
accurately, vor-ré-i bên
sa-pé-re di pre-ci-so.