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30th.

βουλομαι I will

οιομαι
οψομαι

βουλει

I think

OLEL

1 shall see

οψει

thou willest
thou thinkest

thou shalt see

(subj. βουλη)
(subj. oly)

(subj. ovy).

In addition to the termination of the third plural imperative, £32 7 6 active and passive, in ετωσαν, ατωσαν, σθωσαν, there exists an abbreviated form in οντων, αντων, σθων, which is termed Attic, as being frequently used by writers in the Attic dialect. These abbreviated Attic imperatives correspond in all the £438 17 0 tenses, except the Perfect, with the genitive plural of the participle of each tense; and the middle form o0v corresponds with the third person of the dual voice;

£20 0 0

Present active βουλευετωσαν

πεποιθέτωσαν

Aorist first

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LESSONS IN GREEK.-No. XXVII.
By JOHN R. BEARD, D.D.

THE PRESENT, IMPERFECT, FUTURE, AND FIRST AORIST
TENSES, ACTIVE VOICE.

and βουλευοντων

and πεποιθόντων (Gen. of the part. TεTOOTY) βουλευσάτωσαν and βουλευσαντων Present middle βουλευεσθωσαν and βουλευεσθων and σκεψασθων. Aorist When in the Future of the active and middle ow, σouai, in roots of two or more syllables, a short vowel, ă, e, i, precedes the σ, the σ in many verbs is dropped, and a new form is produced, ending in w, ouuat (mark the circumflex); thus &λaw (commonly ελαύνω), I drive, ελασω, ελαω, ελῶ ; and so in the other persons, ελᾷς, ελᾷ, ελῶμεν, ελᾶτε, ελῶσι. This abbreviated form bears the designation of the Attic Future, because employed by Attic writers. I give some other examples of

A FEW remarks on some of the forms of the verb, of which a TEλew (I end) full paradigin has been given, may be of service.

In the conjugation w the person-endings in the course of time underwent changes, as may be learnt from the older conjugation, namely, that in u; as well as from the dialects, or forms of the language in use among the Dorians, the Eolians, etc.-forms more ancient than the Attic, in which Xenophon wrote, whose Greek is considered the standard for ordinary prose. In the first person singular indicative and subjunctive of the active voice u has been dropped, and r in the third person singular; thus the forms originally were λυομι οι λυωμι instead of λυω, and λυετι instead of λυει. So y has been dropped in the first singular indicative of the first Aorist, which was evoav, instead of, as now, eλvoa. In the second person of the imperative active O was dropped, so that we have λυε instead of λυεθι.

The second person singular active has the termination ofa in the following forms:-oo0a (in Latin, nosti), thou knowest, from the perfect oida, used with a present signification, as, I know; yoɛola and yoyola, the pluperfect to oida, used with an imperfect meaning, as, thou knewest; εonola, thou saidst, imperfect from onμi, I say; nola, thou wast, imperfect from ripi, I am; yeola, thou wentest, imperfect from eïμɩ, I go.

The original form of the first person plural active indicative was μes instead of μev, resembling the Latin termination mus; thus the Dorians said TUTTOμes, we strike, instead of TUTTOμEV; so in the Latin, percutimus; so also ypap-o-μes, we write, in Latin, scrib-i-mus.

The original form of the third person plural of the principal tenses, active voice, ended in vri: the r passed into o, and the v was dropped, and so Bovlevovri became first ẞovλtovoi, and then βουλευουσι, they advise.

In the first person singular of the pluperfect active the Attic writers, besides the form given in the paradigm, namely, ελɛλʊɛɛi, had another form in (contracted from the Ionic

κομίσω, Attic κομιῶ, ιεῖς, ιεῖ, ιοῦμεν, ιεῖτε ιοῦσι; κομιοῦμαι, ιεῖ, ιεῖται, ιουμεθα, etc. BBaw (I step, stride) Biẞaow, ßißaw, ßißữ, ßißõμεv, etc.

These contracted Futures are found only in the indicative, the infinitive, and the participle; thus, Teλw, TeλeÏv, Teλwv. The verbs which take this form are-1. ελaw (ελavvw), TEXEW, and καλεω (I call); 2. all verbs in ίζω; 3. a few in αζω ; 4. οἱ the verbs in μ, all that end in avvvμ, together with aμqievvvμi, I put on (clothes), audio.

The Student should now have no difficulty in generally forming the parts of the verb required in the exercises that It may, however, be as well to enter a little into ensue. detail with the tenses.

The Present and Imperfect Tenses, Active Voice. Suppose, then, that you have to construe Bovλevoval. This, third person plural, indicative Present, formed by adding the you know, or may by consulting the paradigm learn, is the termination ovo to the stem of the Present, Bouleu, which comes from Bovλevw, I advise; and consequently Bouλevovoi signifies they advise. Suppose, also, that you are requested to you for the purpose the verb exw, I have; exw, you know, is put into Greek the English he has, and that you have given the first person singular indicative active. To get the stem of the Present you cut off the w, and to ex, thus obtained, you tive active, and so you obtain Exɛ as the Greek for he has. affix it, the personal-ending of the third person singular indica

Again, suppose that you have the form eßovλevov, and wish to ascertain what the form is. By the aid of your memory, or by reverting to the paradigm, you find that this form is made

up thus - is the syllabic augment, Bovλev the root, eßovλev and my sisters took care of my education; the citizens nobly the tense-stem of the Imperfect, and ov the person-ending of bear the chances that befal; the mother brings a rose to the the first person singular; consequently the form means I was father, that he may rejoice; the sister brought a rose to her advising, since Bovλevw signifies I advise. Well, then, if I bid brother, that he might rejoice; the daughter, the mother, and you put into Greek the Imperfect ye were advising, you take the father disagreed; do not (O that ye would not, un with Bovlev, and cutting off, the termination of the first person opt.) disagree, O parents; the boys were rejoicing; I rejoice; singular, you to the root, thus obtained, prefix the augment ε, you rejoice; we rejoice; thou rejoicest; they rejoice; you and so form Bovlev, the stem of the Imperfect; to this stem were rejoicing; I was rejoicing; my sister was rejoicing. The you add, as the termination of the second person plural, the young man is ignorant of music; these girls are ignorant of letters &TE, thus forming sẞovλEUETE, which means ye were music; I am ignorant of music; we, O boys, are ignorant of advising. In order, then, to form the Imperfect, take the Pre-music; those who are unskilled in letters, seeing see not; those sent as given in the Vocabulary, cut off the person-ending of women are unskilled in letters; I am not unskilled in letters; the present, prefix the augment and subjoin the person-ending we are not unskilled in letters; two men are fleeing; he con(that one of the person-endings which you want) to the tense- ceals his thought in his heart; when the barbarians approached, stem. Take care in all cases to get your tense-stem before you | he fled; may the gods (opt.) turn the danger from us. attempt to add the person-endings, or the mood-vowel, or indeed to form any required part of the verb.

The subjunctive of the first person plural holds the place of the imperative; thus, xaipoper, w Taideg, is to be rendered, let us rejoice, O boys.

The Future Tense, the First Aorist-Active Voice. The stem of the Future is formed from the stem of the Present by the addition of a to the stem of the Present; e.g. Av-, Avo-: Avo- is the stem of the Future, subjoin the person-endings and you have the tense in full.

The first Aorist active stem is formed from the stem of the Future by prefixing to that stem the augment; by affixing the person-endings as given in the paradigm, you obtain the tense in full. I will form the Future and the first Aorist of ayopɛvw. αγορευ-, Fut. αγορευσα, αγορεύσω, εις, ει, etc. αγόρευση, Aorist first ηγορευσ-, ηγόρευσα, ας, ε, etc. You will observe in this last instance that the augment is not the syllabic but the temporal, namely & is changed into .

VOCABULARY.

Απολυω, I free from (απο and | Φυτευω, I plant.
λύω).

AtaXvw, I put an end to (dia
and λυω).

Καταλύω, I destroy (κατα and
λύω).

Aukalo, I judge (din, justice,
judgment).

Aikaστnç, ov, ¿, a judge.
Enayyew, I announce, re-
port (ayyelos, a messenger,
hence our angel).
ETBоvλεvw, I plot against.

The Imperfect often denotes a repeated act, and may sometimes be rendered, with the aid of the verb to accustom, thusZoxparns, etc., was accustomed to speak. The optative, as ex-'IKETEUW, I implore. pressive of a wish, may be used as a softened imperative, as ATOTOεTOLTE, etc., O that you would turn away; that is, turn away. My irepov, etc., literally, do not conceal in your heart another thought, speaking different things, that is, do not say one thing and think another.

EXERCISES. GREEK-ENGLISH.

Δυο όδω προς την πόλιν αγετων. Βοε το άροτρον αγετον. Χαιρωμεν, ω παιδες. Ως ήδυ (se, εστι) καλλος, όταν εχῇ νοῦν σωφρονα, Οἱ πολῖται τους νόμους φυλαττόντων. 'Eraipos έταιρου φροντίζετω. Πατήρ τε και μητηρ πρόνοιαν εχέτων της των τέκνων παιδειας. Ο γραμμάτων απειρος ου βλέπει βλέπων. Τας προςπίπτουσας τύχας γενναίως φερε. Ο παις τῳ πατρί ῥόδον φέρει, ἵνα χαιρῇ. Ὁ παις τῷ πατρὶ ῥόδον έφερεν, ἵνα χαιροι. Σωκράτης ώσπερ εγιγνωσκεν οὕτως ελεγεν. Οτε οἱ Έλληνες επλησίαζον, οἱ βαρβαροι απέφευγον. Θεμιστοκλής και Αριστείδης ποτε εστασιάζετην, Λακεδαιμονιοι μουσικής απειρως έχουσιν. Αποτρέποιτε, ω θεοι, το δεῖνον αφ' ἡμων. Μη έτερον κευθοις καρδια νουν, αλλα αγορεύων.

ENGLISH-GREEK.

Kivovvevo, I am in danger, I
incur danger.
Mnvio, I owe a grudge, I am
angry with.

.

ABλaßea, innocence, innocu-
ousness (a, not, Bλaßŋ, in-
jury).
Στρατία, ας, ή, an army.
Εκγονος, ου, ὁ and ἡ, a de-
scendant, offspring.
Δάκρυον, ου, τo, a tear.
Αγαμέμνων, ονος, ó,

memnon.

Aga

'EKTop, opog, o, Hector. Έσχατος, η, ov, the last, extreme; Πλατείαι, ων, ή, Platea.

REMARKS.

IIpv av, before (with subjunctive or optative); ay refers to à condition expressed or understood, and so requires a dependent mood.

In the exercise Enyуɛɛ is the third person singular of the Imperfect indicative; the n between 7" (71) and the verb is the temporal augment formed by lengthening the a, the first is formed by simply lengthening the t. letter in the verb αγγελλω, In ισχύω and ἱκετευω the augment The optative form in επιβουλευσαιεν is occasioned by ότι in a sentence formed after the obliqua oratio ; that is, the optative is required because the fact is represented as dependent on the report of the messenger; in English the indicative must be used. The force of the by any one word. The Student must wait for the explanations Aorist in the imperative TOTεvoar cannot be given in English to be given in the Syntax.

EXERCISES.-GREEK-ENGLISH.

Οἱ στρατιωται την πόλιν από των πολεμίων απολύσουσιν. This road leads to the city; two roads lead to the city; two Ο χρηστος ανθρωπος και τοις εκγόνοις φυτεύσει. Ο άγγελος horses drive the plough; these roads led to the city; women are beautiful when they have good sense (a sound mind); επηγγελλε τους πολίταις, ὅτι οἱ πολέμιοι τῳ στρατευματι the citizens keep (guard) the laws, the citizens were keeping επιβουλευσοιεν. Αχιλλευς Αγαμέμνονι εμηνῖσεν. Οἱ Έλληνες the laws; the citizen keeps the laws; you, Ο citizens, keep | ανδρεια πολλα ισχύσαν. Σωκράτης ουχ ικετευσε τους δικαστας the laws, my father takes care of my education; my mother μετα πολλων δακρύων, αλλά πιστεύσας τῇ ἑαυτου αβλαβεία