Imágenes de páginas
PDF
EPUB

years ago. None but fanatics think that Great Britain, or Great Britain and Ireland, or the British Empire, or the civilised world, or the whole world, could with advantage establish socialist arrangements at the present moment. The progress of historical knowledge during the last half-century has quite exploded the old belief in sudden 'revolutions.' The supposed sudden revolutions of the past have been ascertained to be merely salient points in the course of gradual changes extending over centuries. Hence, nobody of ordinary information and intelligence any more expects a 'social revolution,' a sudden and complete overturn of the existing order in regard to property and industry and the substitution of complete regulation of industry by some form of territorial government. All that can be expected by the most enthusiastic is gradual change in the direction of such a state of things.

Modern economics contains nothing to show that gradual change may not eventually, in a distant future, evolve some form of conscious organisation which at that time will work well and better than the unconscious organisation resulting from private property and free labour; but it does not seem in the least necessary for the economist to hold any particular views on the subject beyond the hope that the future may be better than the present. The idea of gradual progress being admitted, he is left at liberty to consider the good and evil of each change which is made or proposed, without supporting a bad change because it appears to tend towards a particular ideal, or condemning a good one because it does not. Hence he is certain to disagree frequently with both socialist and individualist fanatics, who support and oppose changes, not on their merits, but according to the opinion they have formed, often on wholly insufficient grounds, as to their being movements towards or away from their ideal.

INDEX

ANDERSON, Adam, An historical and chronological deduction of the Origin of
Commerce, etc., continued by W. Combe, 4 vols., 1787-89. See Botero.
Anderson, James, Observations on the means of exciting a spirit of National
Industry; chiefly intended to promote the agriculture, commerce, manu-
factures and fisheries of Scotland, Edinburgh, 1777, rent a premium paid
for the privilege of cultivating the more fertile soils, 220; Adam Smith
likely to have seen this passage, 221.

An Enquiry into the nature of the Corn Laws, with a view to the new
Corn Bill proposed for Scotland, Edinburgh, 1777, example of cost of
raising oatmeal from soils of different fertility, and the consequent rent,
220, 371-2; resultant formula for rent, 373; tells nothing about the
rent of an acre of land, ib.

Recreations in Agriculture, Natural History, Arts, and Miscellaneous
Literature, 6 vols., 1799-1802, produce may always be increased so as to
keep pace with population, 145; rent a simple and ingenious contrivance
for equalising profits made on lands of different fertility, 221.

A calm investigation of the circumstances that have led to the present
Scarcity of Grain in Britain, suggesting the means of alleviating the evil
and of preventing the recurrence of such a calamity in the future, 1801,
every increase of population tends to increase relative plenty, 146.
Attwood, Matthias, M.P. for Callington, speech in Hansard, criticising
Ricardo, and maintaining that returns to agricultural industry increase,
167.

BABBAGE, Charles, On the Economy of Machinery and Manufactures, 1832,
division of labour allows each kind to be allotted to the individuals best
naturally fitted for it, 49-50; productiveness of industry increased by
machinery, 112 n.

Barton, John, Observations on the circumstances which influence the condition
of the Labouring Classes of Society, 1817, amount of employment depends
on circulating capital only, 114-15; Malthus's reply, 259.

Bentham, Jeremy, A Manual of Political Economy (Works, ed. Bowring,
1843, vol. iii.), wealth (aggregate), distinguished from opulence or per
capita wealth, 12.

Bible, Authorised Version of the, wealth in the sense of welfare, 1.
Böhm-Bawerk, Dr. Eugen von, Kapital und Kapitalzins, Erste Abtheilung:
Kapitalzins-Theorieen, 1884 (translated by W. Smart, Capital and
Interest: a critical history of economical theory, 1890), profit an addition to
the price of the product according to Adam Smith, 202; depreciation
forgotten by Lauderdale, 204 n. ; misleading distinction between repairs
and renewals, ib.

Boileau, D., An introduction to the study of Political Economy or elementary
view of the manner in which the wealth of nations is produced, increased,
distributed, and consumed, 1811, divisions of political economy, 33; three
requisites of production, 40-1; use of the term distribution, 183; no
hostile criticism of Adam Smith on rent, 312.

Bonar, James, Malthus and his Work, 1885, Malthus's discussions with his
father, 131; his travels, 133; his correspondence with Senior, 170 n.

...

Botero, Giovanni, A Treatise concerning the causes of the magnificencie ana
greatnes of Cities . . . done into English by R. Peterson, 1606, enumera-
tion of checks on population quoted in Anderson's Commerce, 125-6.
British Merchant, 1721. See Janssen.

Buchanan, David, An Inquiry into the nature and causes of the Wealth of
Nations, by Adam Smith, in three volumes, with notes and an additional
volume (entitled Observations on the subjects treated of in Dr. Smith's
Inquiry), 1814, poverty of China, 12 n.; reason why landlords reap where
they never sowed, 221-2; rent the result of monopoly, and as injurious to
the payers as advantageous to the receivers, 222; wages regulated by
the propagating habits of the labourers, 240-1; wages do not vary with
the price of provisions, 254-5; criticism of Adam Smith as to rent, 312
CANTILLON, Philip, Analysis of Trade, 1759, 'the capital of our merchants,'
55 N.

Cantillon, Richard, Essai sur la nature du Commerce en général, 1755, reprinted,
Boston, 1892, phrase for wealth like that afterwards used by Adam
Smith, 19; capital and capitaux used indifferently, 55 n.; question
whether a small rich population is not to be preferred to a large poor

one, 125.

Carey, H. C., Principles of Political Economy, Philadelphia, Part I., 1837 ;
Part II., 1838; Part III., 1840; increase of population favourable to
productiveness of industry, 174; statistics quoted from Eden to prove
it, 174-5.

Principles of Social Science, Philadelphia, 1858, theory that cultivation
begins with infertile lands criticised by J. S. Mill, 177 n., 178-9.
Chalmers, George, Estimate of the Comparative Strength of Great Britain,
and of the losses of her trade from every war since the Revolution, new
edition, 1802, contains Gregory King's Natural and Political Observa-
tions, 14 n.

Chalmers, Dr. Thomas, On Political Economy in connexion with the Moral
State and Moral Prospects of Society, Glasgow, 1832, New York, 1832,
diminishing returns not a general rule, nor proved by descent to inferior
soils, 172-3, quoted by J. S. Mill, 305.

Child, Sir Josiah, A New Discourse of Trade, 2d ed., 1694 (1st ed. entitled
A Discourse about Trade, 1690), gain of foreign trade consists in addition
to treasure, 3 n.

Colquhoun, Patrick, Treatise on the Wealth, Power and Resources of the
British Empire, 1814, 2d ed., 1815, existing property, the wealth of
the country, 16.

Condorcet, M. J. A. N. C., Marquis de, Esquisse d'un tableau historique des
progrès de l'esprit humain, 1794, argued against by Malthus, 131.
Corn Trade and Corn Laws. See Parliamentary Papers and Statutes.

DAFFORNE, Richard, The Merchant's Mirrour; or, Directions for the perfect
ordering and keeping of his accounts, 1635, the word capital used as a
substantive, 54 n.

Davenant, Dr. Charles, Essay on the East India Trade, 1696, uselessness of
imports from India, 3 n.

Essay upon the probable methods of making a people gainers in the
Balance of Trade, 1699, contains Gregory King's table of the income and
expense of England, 14 n.

Demand and the necessity of Consumption, An Inquiry into those principles
respecting the nature of―lately advocated by Mr. Malthus, 1821, aggre-
gate and average wealth distinguished, 13 n.; wealth of a country, its
income, 18 n.; Malthus wrote his pamphlet on Rent in answer to the
cry of No Landlords,' 223 n.

Dyche (T.) and Pardon (W.), New General English Dictionary, 1735,
'wealth' means riches, whether money, sheep, etc., 2; 'capital,' an
adjective, and applied to the stock of trading companies, 55.

Economic Journal, March 1892, contains a portion of ch. v. § 4, 147 n.
Economic Review, January 1892, contains part of ch. v. § 3, in an article on
"The Malthusian Anti-Socialist Argument,' 130 n.

Eden, Sir Frederick Morton, State of the Poor, or History of the Labouring
Classes in England from the Conquest, 1797, statistics quoted by Carey
to show that returns to agricultural labour have not diminished, 174-5.
Edinburgh Review, July 1804, if one commodity rises in value others fall, 6;
distinction between productive and unproductive rejected, 25-6; dis-
tinction between capital and reserve for consumption rejected, 89-90;
use of capital to enable labour to be divided, 109-10.

Ellis, William, review of the Effect of the Employment of Machinery, etc.,
upon the Happiness of the Working Classes, London, 1824, in the West-
minster Review, for January 1826, referred to by Mill, 305.
Enclosure Acts. See Parliamentary Papers.

Encyclopædia Britannica, 4th ed., vol. xvii. 1810, Art. Political Economy,
scarcity necessary to make an article wealth, 6; productive and unpro-
ductive labour, 26; divisions of political economy, 33; wealth divided
into capital and income, 91; divisions of chapter on production and dis-
tribution, 188; no hostile criticism of Adam Smith on rent, 312.
Supplement, 1823. See M'Culloch.

FRANKLIN, Benjamin, On the Labouring Poor, 1768, in Memoirs, 1833, vol. vi.,
thinks of a circulation, not of a production of wealth, 36 n.

GARNIER, Germain, Recherches sur la nature et les causes de la richesse des
nations par Adam Smith; traduction nouvelle avec des notes et observa-
tions 1802, distinction between productive aud unproductive labour
rejected, 25.
Gee, Joshua, Trade and Navigation considered, 1729, export of gold and
silver makes a country poorer, 2 n. ; numbers of people the riches of a
state, 124.

Gentleman's Magazine, 1816, biography of Joseph Townsend, 130 n.
Giffen, Robert, Growth of Capital, 1889, summary of Andrew Hooke's con-
clusions, 4 n.; 'capital' in title corresponds with sense given to
'wealth' by Petty, 14; no produce of unproductive labour included in
capital, 22-3; capital includes the whole stock of wealth, 64.

The Gross and Net Gain of Rising Wages in the Contemporary Review,
December 1889, deductions from gross wages for ground rent, 190 n.
Godwin, William, An Enquiry concerning Political Justice and its influence on
general virtue and happiness, 1793, wealth of a state the aggregate of
incomes, 17; provides Malthus with the phrase, 'principle of popula-
tion,' 134-5.

The Enquirer: Reflections on Education, Manners, and Literature, in a
series of Essays, 1797, argued against by Malthus, 131.

Thoughts occasioned by the perusal of Dr. Parr's Spital Sermon, 1801,
evil of large family comes coarsely home to each man's individual
interest, 132-3.

Goldsmith, Oliver, Vicar of Wakefield, 1766, father of large family does more
service than the bachelor who talks of population, 124.

HALL, George Webb, Letters on the importance of encouraging the growth of
Corn and Wool in the United Kingdom, 1815, rents as sacred as the
Funds, 320.
Hansard, Parliamentary Debates, Report of Corn Trade Committee of 1813
reprinted, 151 n., necessity of maintaining high prices in order to secure
low prices, 151; basis of import price proposed by Corn Trade Committee
of 1813 for the year, 151 n.; sliding scale proposals, 1813-14, 154.
See Attwood, Parnell, Pitt, Ricardo, Whitbread.

Hooke, Andrew, An Essay on the National Debt and National Capital; or,
the Account truly stated, Debtor and Creditor, 1750, national wealth

« AnteriorContinuar »